History of engineering and urban planning in Iran and Asia

From: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam

Anthropologist of Asian ethnicities

Engineering comes from the science of geometry and it means that someone knows the calculation of dimensions or sides or the method of geometric surveying of a building with "geometry" or that science or the exact methods of geometric measurement or has learned well in high school or university courses. Or in calculating buildings in the form of squares or rectangles or triangles, or in oval or circular buildings or in the construction of cylindrical or conical or hyperbolic buildings, or the application of techniques and nature of geometry and triangles in the design or construction of a building And the science of building architecture also comes from "civil science" and it means that he also knows the science of building engineering design and in addition with the artistic composition of the building or geometric design of the building and European historians the history of "application of geometry" To the construction of the city of "Alexandria, Egypt"It is related that in that historical period, Voye used some of the native architects of Greece in the construction of buildings in Alexandria, and for example, some surveyors of the Greek nation who knew the science of trigonometry or the calculation of hemispheres and geometry or geometric angles, or the geometry of Talisman or Pythagoras. They knew and used it, but Oriental historians also link its history to the construction of dozens of Achaemenid palaces, the construction workshops of which were various or numerous Achaemenid palaces before Alexander, or about 180 years of construction, and believe that Greek engineers who accompanied Alexander came and stole geometric or medical or philosophical books and astronomy from the library of Apadana, etc. and obtained these sciences. Khuzestan Elamite baskets have been made orThe hanging gardens of Babylon or the palaces of the Assyrians and the hills of Nineveh were built, and this technical knowledge after Alexander through Middle Eastern engineers and the construction of cities in Europe or Italy or the construction of cities in America and Latin America that the Roman Empire and after the invasion of the East The Roman governors were present, and for about 700 years they ruled the cities of Damascus, Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre, Tire, or Sidon in the Middle East. They took it to the cities of Europe or Istanbul and the ancient Roman city of Waten, which in the Achaemenid period was made of wood and therefore suffered from fires several times.They were used in the construction of Antioch, or in Baalbek, or Aleppo, or in the stone-making cities of Acre, Haifa, Asqalan, Hebron, and Vermele, most of whose buildings or towers and fortifications were made of stone, or were imbued with engineering knowledge. In addition, the model of the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem They either used Jesus as a model for the construction of churches and used it in the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (or Constantinople), or in the construction of churches in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France, or in the construction of the Safavid church in Russia, and in the construction of the Parthenon Gladiators' military competitions, etc., have taken a culture from the stone-built architecture of the Roman governors in the Middle East, or in the construction of palaces of Roman emperors, and imitated the architecture of the construction of the palaces of Ctesiphon, Sassanids, or Sassanids, or the turquoise palace of Iran. The Iranians designed the Sassanid arches and then built themThe archetype, the "Constantine Arch of Victory", the "Arch of Titus of Titus" and the Roman Empire, and today this type of Sassanid slashing can be seen in mud-brick houses in most desert villages of Yazd and Kashan, which did not need iron beams or wooden beams. The porch of Ctesiphon and the porches of the Seljuk, Goharshad, etc. mosques can be seen, or many of the old words of world architecture and Asian words, but today history has been distorted and the schools of Roman architecture or Roman sculpture believe that the school offers the most important architectural designs in the world. Do!While in the construction of the domes of the churches of Jerusalem or Istanbul or Italy there is no elegance and most are decorated with wind-blown Latin American gold or in the city of Moscow and St. Petersburg and there is only a painted building, but in East Asia or in Asia the construction of domes or minarets Or the porches of mosques also underwent the elegance and beauty of artistic and calligraphic engineering and patterned brickwork, which required special engineering design and continued to evolve. It was developed with the help of Asian engineers and architects, and the domes of Asia were equipped with azure tiles, or with faults, which gave a special engineering beauty to the dome of Soltanieh, which is the largest dome in the world, or to the dome of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque or the school dome. The king's mother gives a beautiful painted porcelain or to the mosqueAmir Chaghmaq of Yazd, or to the Gohar Shad Mosque in Herat, which has beautiful Chinese calligraphy bricks, or to the Timuro Women's Mosque in the city of Samar, and the plastering of this type of mosque is not a simple and ordinary plastering, but the plastering of flowers and shrubs or mosaics or tiling or It has mirror or inlay work or porcelain brick calligraphy and its doors are mosques or pulpits are not simple doors but it has special door decorations which were later imitated by Spanish table and chair makers or wooden cupboard makers and the pillars of the same mosques in Asia are also stone pillars. It is not a simple stone, like the columns of Damghan Mosque, etc., and the stone columns are masonry with diagonal lines. In Iran and Asia, and so on, and the developments of engineering science and in Asia or the art of geometry is reportedIt creates large arches, either with the porch bases of Kashan Bazaar, or the four sides of Isfahan Bazaar, or in multi-yard caravanserais of Qazvin, or in multi-yard aristocratic houses of Yazd and Kashan, or with arches or with "gradually expanded arches." "It shows the beauty of the application of geometry in the buildings and architects of Asia, and while in the world and in most cities of the world it was made only of raw clay or it was only a one-story house, but in Asian cities and buildings most palaces are multi-storey and like palaces. Hasht Behesht, Tabriz, or the building of religious schools or mosque rooms, most of them were two-story or multi-story, which is like Jeddah school, large and small, Isfahan, or the building is a few high-rise buildings, or the construction of the high porch of Amir Chakhmaq Mosque, which has special grandeur, or tall minarets Seljuk is Isfahan or the rare tall minarets are deserts and lighthouses are built along the bay or using wooden scaffolding inside the bricks that were later cut and all show the evolution of Asian architecture and engineering compared to Europe and with the evolution of cranes and elevators In the United States, etc., multi-storey buildings were created in America and Europe, and then the construction of multi-storey buildings was built.Were built in Asian cities, such as the new buildings of Malaysia or Singapore or Shanghai and Tokyo or Tehran and Baghdad, which were built or the constructions of the National Assembly or the Emir of Kuwait or the Emir of the UAE, or the appearance of the ministries of the Middle East or Tunisia and Morocco. The appearance of the tents of the desert Arabs of Asia is a cultural combination in the parliament building of Kuwait or Riyadh, or in the construction of the city of "Ulan Bator Mongolia" and the concrete buildings of this city with the exception of the former Mongol tribes of this people and cultural composition or construction The city of Astana, Kazakhstan, which was the former Qabchaq Plain of Asia, was built in the Tashkent Ballet Theater or in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and all have built their former and indigenous tribal patterns and cultural and architectural designs, designed by companies. Western engineering "was drawn and then this and that"Asian cities "and the presumption in the construction of the former National Library of Tehran and the French engineer and St. Ctesiphon And its staff has been negative! And it shows the antiquity of their organization and administrative information!

 Finally, I would like to mention that I have researched or published articles on the construction of urban buildings or the construction of government buildings in the past in Iran, or in the construction of various Asian and Asian cities, or in various publications on the history of Iranian construction science or Eastern societies. And includes research on the construction of government palaces from the Timurid period onwards, and the construction of Qajar palaces or Pahlavi marble palaces in Tehran, as well as the construction of caravanserais or caesareans or public buildings, or the names of engineers and past architects of Iran and the era. Sassanids are the names of the architects of the Pahlavi era who built the Senate Palace or the Hilton Hotel or the Palace of Justice or the Ministry of Finance or the National Bank building or the architects who built the Ayatollah Boroujerdi Mosque in the Pahlavi era and like "the late Larzadeh"The names of past engineers are a total of 6 volumes and in each volume and the names of architects or engineers of a historical period can be seen, but Iranian engineering schools do not have this type of archival of former Iranian engineers and the names of this type of books and articles are attached. :

1- It is one of the researches and the name of Persepolis architectural construction which was as a cultural model of Iranian urban planning for other societies. The historical research of Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam is compiled in sixty pages and in that research also the cultural effects of Iranian urban planning on other societies. It refers to the influence of ancient Rome on Eastern Rome or on the architecture of later Western European societies to which it refers, but usually this type of social subject is hidden from the view of Iranian architects or engineers who look only at cultural heritage and Persepolis. But in this work, it refers to the cultural-engineering effects of various symbols, or how geometry is used by the ancient architects of Iran and in the architecture of Persepolis, or it refers to the use and design of places, or to the use of basic tools in construction. The architecture of these palaces refers to the use of shapes and lines of architectural prominencesThey are left as an Iranian cultural heritage that remains during the 180 years that were built during the formation of various types of palaces in Persepolis or ancillary facilities around it, and new construction techniques were developed, which later Named the "Palaces of Persepolis"It was called that it originated from the excellent engineering in construction and installation and installation of circular columns, roofs and rooms, or in the method of their installation or in their sculptural method with basic human expressions, adding to the richness of human urban civilization and the Greeks who came with Alexander. And Persepolis (Persians, meaning the city of Iranians and burned but took their construction books with them) and in this way گذاشت had the greatest cultural impact on the urban planning of the Macedonians or the engineering of the Greeks and ancient Rome and the architecture of the Renaissance or the growth of art and culture They were influenced, and then it was through the Macedonians that they were drawn to the urban planning of ancient Rome, and then to the construction of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then to other present-day western societies, which unfortunately has not yet been considered by engineering schools.And has not been considered by engineering schoolsAnd has not been considered by engineering schools.

2- And in the second stage and some other books that happened after the Islamic period about the architecture of caravanserais and Iranian ligaments and written and researched by Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam which has been written in 12 volumes and has been compiled about caravanserais or historical ligaments of Iranian society The mentioned researches are also based on historical documents that are from different periods of the history of Iran in the 14th century or about the engineering of this type of Iranian caravanserais and ligaments and their function which has been mentioned, including in the first volume. The collection refers to the Iranian ligaments and their military-religious origin, and then in its second volume it also refers to the social difference between the ligaments and the caravanserai, which only dealt with the function of trade and is a kind of change in the function of the Iranian ligaments that has occurred. Which were made from the first centuries to the fifth century AH, and in the third volume, the ligaments and caravanserais of the Seljuk period are mentioned.Which is taken from the historical documents of the Seljuk era and in the fourth volume it refers to the ropes and caravanserais of the Iranians and in the patriarchal period or to those who built them and in the fifth volume it also refers to the caravanserais and ropes of the Timurid period In the sixth volume, the caravanserais and ligaments of the Safavid period are mentioned, and in the seventh volume, the ligaments and caravanserais of the Afshari and Zandi periods are mentioned, and in the eighth volume, the ligaments and caravanserais of the Qajar period are also mentioned. And in the ninth volume, the architectural features of Sarcham, Jamalabad and Nikpei caravanserais of Zanjan are mentioned, which provided the way of trade connection between the two capitals of Tabriz and Soltanieh, and it is about eighty pages. In the tenth volume, it is the historical caravanserais of Zanjan and Its traditional bazaar is mentioned to be the main architectural body of the traditional bazaar of Zanjan and the traditional bazaars of other cities as well as such architectural modelsFor example, Tabriz, Qazvin, Isfahan, Semnan, Warak, etc., and in the eleventh volume it is referred to as "yamkhanehs" and "Iranian road posts" and in the Ikhani period or as an independent study, and in the twelfth volume it is also mentioned. "Printing houses of Iranian society" and is mentioned in the Timurid period        

   3- The third category of research is also related to research on the construction of various Iranian palaces, including:Architecture or features of Iranian palaces.This is the research of Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam. This type of research by Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam has been compiled in several collections that include the knowledge of the architecture of ancient Iranian palaces that began in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid eras and then after Islam He has known the various palaces of the Abbasid caliphs and the cities of Baghdad and Samarra, which are at least thirty palaces. Kash, etc., which cover seventeen Timurid palaces or in different cities and had special architectural features, and also in the third volume, deals with the architecture of Safavid palaces and Safavid bridges and bridges in northern Iran, which are still works today. It is glorious in cities such as Isfahan, Qazvin and Farahabad, Sari, etc., and in the next and fourth collections of researchHe has also studied the documentary architecture of different palaces of the Qajar period in Tehran, which is in the form of different sections and independent researches. It is either Shams Al-Amara Palace, or Mohammadiyeh Palace, or Qajar Palace, or Sultanabad Palace, or Firoozeh Palace, or Farahabad Palace, or Tehran, or Golestan Palace, or Dushan Tappeh Palace, or Ishratabad Palace, or Jajrud Palace, or Shahrestanak Palace, or Sulaimaniyah Palace is Karaj or dozens of other palaces and finally another article is called Marble Palace which has been published in my article and in addition to him and research knowledge of Arab palaces and aristocratic houses in the early centuries.It has no cultural heritage of Tehran and is similar to the architecture of Niavaran Qajar Palace, or the construction of Negarestan Palace or Shams Al-Amara Palace, or Mohammadiyeh Palace or Qajar Palace or Sultanabad Palace or Firoozeh Palace or Farahabad Palace of Tehran, or Golestan Palace or Dushan Tappeh Palace or Ishratabad Palace or Jajrud Palace or Shahrestanak Palace or Soleimani Palace of Karaj or dozens of other palaces and finally another article is called Marble Palace which has been published in my article and in addition to them and research knowledge There are also aristocratic palaces and houses of the Arabs in the early centuriesIt has no cultural heritage of Tehran and is similar to the architecture of Niavaran Qajar Palace, or the construction of Negarestan Palace or Shams Al-Amara Palace, or Mohammadiyeh Palace or Qajar Palace or Sultanabad Palace or Firoozeh Palace or Farahabad Palace of Tehran, or Golestan Palace or Dushan Tappeh Palace or Ishratabad Palace or Jajrud Palace or Shahrestanak Palace or Soleimani Palace of Karaj or dozens of other palaces and finally another article is called Marble Palace which has been published in my article and in addition to them and research knowledge There are also aristocratic palaces and houses of the Arabs in the early centuriesThey are, and finally, another article is called Marble Palace, which has been published in my article, and in addition to them, there is a research knowledge of the aristocratic palaces and houses of the Arabs in the early centuries.They are, and finally, another article is called Marble Palace, which has been published in my article, and in addition to them, there is a research knowledge of the aristocratic palaces and houses of the Arabs in the early centuries.. In addition, he has a number of articles on the construction of Islamic markets in Asian cities, or on the governorships of Islamic cities, or on the towers and fortifications of Islamic cities, which have been published in numerous publications, and for its brevity and mere mention. It is also considered and also has a number of articles or researches that are mentioned below and also the fourth category of research of Dr. Khaleghi Moghaddam and in 6 volumes and is related to the names of architects and engineers of different periods which include the following works:

1- The list of names of architects and architectural words of the old era, from the Sassanid period to the Safavid period and in two volumes.

2- List of names of architects and engineers of Safavid and Afshari and Zandi eras and how they were built in two volumes

 3- Social Cognition of Architects and Masters of Isfahan Historic Buildings - and Research by: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam  -  Tuesday, December 23, 2010

4- The role of mansions and architectures of the Qajar period and in the development of architecture in Tehran 

 5- Urban sociology of Tehran in the Qajar period 

6- Social development of Tehran bazaar and caravanserais and the form of architecture and how it is in Tehran bazaar

- List of names of architects and engineers of the Pahlavi period and the manner of urban planning, bridge construction and road construction   

 7- The architectural style of historical houses in Tehran in the era of Reza Khan Pahlavi

8 - the construction of the Palace Marble Palace in Tehran streets Pahlavi                                                                             9 - urban planning Yazd (creator Mohammad Moghaddam community papers Urban)  -  the third Saturday Azar 1388

10- The Role of Iranian Architects in the Social Evolution of Asian Architecture in the Timurid Period Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam - Mojabidari Magazine

11- Articles and researches of urban and rural sociology and Iranian urban planning and architecture Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam  - Monday, May 28, 2009

12- Iranian architecture and urban planning (collection of articles and researches of Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghaddam)  -  Tuesday, December 23, 2009
 

13 - Social cognition mansion Dmshqyh Tbryzvpzhvhsh the doctor Mohammad creator front  -  the second Tuesday of December 1389
  14. Social Cognition quarter Rashidi Tbryzvpzhvhsh the doctor Mohammad creator front  -  the second Tuesday of December 1389
 15 - Social cognition Shanab Ghazan Tbryzvpzhvhsh the doctor Mohammad creator Moghaddam  -  Tuesday, December 23, 2010
  16 Patterns of Cultural Adaptation in Iranian Urbanism - From Chaharbagh, Mashhad to Chaharbagh, Isfahan: Research by: Dr. Mohammad Kh.  -  Tuesday, December 23, 2010

 17. architecture Rabat caravanserai, and the Iranian-study: doctor Mohammad creator front  -  the second Tuesday of November

 18- Architecture and features of Iranian caravanserais-Research by: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam

 19 Architecture and features of Iranian palaces.-Research by: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam 

 20 - the impact of construction Vjmshyd bed Vbrmmary Vshhrsazy Western societies  

21 Governors 23 - Construction of engineering or architecture of old schools of Iran or monasteries or old hospitals of Iran and Azdi Hospital of Shiraz and Baghdad and Ahmadieh Ahmad Shah Hospital and Tehran City Construction which are over 15 volumes and in total were urban government facilities that were from the government period. The building of the Seljuk court "Veta" was built by the government budget in different Iranian cities and by experienced architects or engineers of that city.

.