Tisophon and its capital developments and cultural confrontation with Roman civilization Dr. Mohamma
- Tisophon and its capital developments and cultural confrontation with Roman civilization
- The first part
- From: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam- urban sociologist
- The city of Tisophon was the capital of Iran during the Sasanian period for 440 years, but before that historical period, it was also the capital of the Parthian or Seleucid state for a period of more than seven hundred and eighty years, and was considered the capital of Iran or a large part of Asia. There is no city in Iran that has been the capital for 780 years. There is nothing like it in the history of different countries of the world, and it is 1100 years old, including the Achaemenid period, but unfortunately, today, except for a little knowledge of Ivan Kasri, we do not have any other information about this important Iranian city, or during the past centuries of our society. (Neither Iranians, nor European researchers, nor Iranian city planners) and none of them have acted on the urban recognition or urban planning of this important Iranian city. And therefore, knowing it is useful for every Iranian.
- According to historical sources and according to the book Marat al-Baldan, Tisophon was another name of the seven cities "Mada'an" and in addition it was considered as "the greatest Mada'an of the seven in the world" and also the book of Maaser al-Muluk also on page 24 of this collection of cities and as "Mada'an of the Seven" Or the seven cities have been named, and when the Arabs opened it and called it Mada'in (the plural form of Medinas), and because in Arabic they also called the city "Madinah", and only "Amal Qara" is mentioned in the Qur'an, and for this reason And the sum of these seven connected cities in Mesopotamia, which was the capital of the Iranians, was called "Mada'an". or by quoting page 30 of the book "History of Prophets and Kings"617 and 649 of the book "Tarikh Balami" and called it [to Ardashir] or "Tarikh Benakti" also Wiki mentioned these seven cities on pages 277, 275 and 15 of his own book, and the city of "Chaldania or Old Babylon" which is one of the It was the "seven neighborhoods of Tisophon". which was left from the ancient Babylonian and Chaldean civilizations, and later became a part of Iranian cities during the Achaemenid period, and in addition, on pages 274 and 273 or other pages of "Tarikh Benakti" or in dozens of other historical sources, the city "Great Rumia" or "Great Rumia" or Western Rumia, etc., is called Tisophon, which was built during the Sassanid era to house Roman craftsmen in Tisophon, and after the conquest of ancient Babylon by Alexander, or during the rule of his successors, who were called Seleucids. and a neighborhood called "Selukia" The city of Rumiya was built instead of the old city of the Seleucids. Also, in the Parthian state and the region of Seleucia, it remained and its only inhabitants all became Iranians, or in the region of Seleucia, Tisophon and Iranian soldiers replaced the Greek soldiers, and they lived in the region of Tisophon for 350 years.
- I should also mention that the greatness of the city of Mada'an increased during the reign of the Sassanids in 440 AD, when Ardeshir Babakan and the foundations of the city [to Ardashir or Bahrsir in present-day Iraq] were laid in Mada'an, or Sassanid Shapur, and his son also built palaces in That city was built and added, and in addition, Tabari's history also mentions this city of Madain in its own pages, or Ibn Balkhi's Farsnameh also refers to "Medina of Shapur in Tisophon" on pages 71 and 72. Other Sassanid kings added to its urban areas. Or they expanded the size of the city of Taiswan or Taisfun. Also, according to p.... the book Merat al-Buldan, Vanoushirvan built a small palace in the city of Tisfon, the ruins of which still exist in this city, and after the opening of this city by the Arabs and the book Fatuh al-Buldan or the book al-Futuh Ibn Atham Kofi also gives a brief description of the urban structure of this capital of Iran, which today is 23 kilometers from Baghdad, or according to p. 151 of the book "Hudud al-Alam", it used to be a great city and now it is in ruins, but later, according to V. Abadani took it to Baghdad and probably based on historical sources and during the construction of the city of Baghdad, they used the building materials of the Tisophon neighborhoods in the construction of Baghdad, which Mansour Abbasi had ordered to use the bricks and construction materials of the city of Tisophon and the phenomenon of the construction of the city. Baghdad or to be used in the construction of its palaces, and in the later periods of history, Iranian historians have always been interested in how it was a city, but they did not know what its urban components were like! In addition, today they have built a shrine in Tisophon for "Salman the Persian", which was The Arabs and the ruler of Tisphon for a while, Salman the Persian, who had gone from Iran to the Arabs and had taught the Arabs the use of trenches in war or the use of catapults in the "conquest of Taif" and also in the war between the Ottomans and the British, i.e. in the "Battle of Mada'an " "The British and a hard defeat of The Ottomans ate "Tisphon" near this city, which is mentioned in the book of Mesopotamia during the First World War, but still none of the European or Iranian historians know Tisphon and they have a wrong archeological idea of "Old Babylon" which is 11 centuries and a part of the city of Tisphon It had happened, so in European universities, they have written imaginary books in "ancient Babylon" of Iraq, which was one of the 7 cities of "The Great Tisophon" for centuries, so my research about Tisophon is like this, and it is only based on hundreds of sources and historical sources, and it is about 200 pages. It is possible that I have tried to introduce the "urban structure" or the old neighborhoods of Tisophon, or the bridges, or the urban components, or the ethnic developments, or the "components of urban planning" and the necessary historical developments of this great Iranian city. I will introduce it on historical documents or write it in 4 separate chapters, which hopefully will be published one day, but here I will mention a summary of it in the form of a brief article:Or they are secretly happy! Or they are happy inside! The reservoir of the 1100-year-old great library of Tisphon was also burnt and its effects on the culture and art and the administrative system or the way of land ownership specific to Asian societies were destroyed! On the contrary, it caused the world culture and the only culture and civilization of the city of Rome to be raised! Or the military or artistic or administrative culture of ancient Rome should be mentioned! Or will it show itself as the center of civilization for the inhabitants of the five continents of the world, and the contemporary industrial society is the same as the Asians, and they only want this, and the Roman city, whose soldiers had a fierce conflict with the city of Tisophon during the 8 centuries, and in this regard, only several times, they have brought the city of Tisophon to the territory of Tisophon. They were and once in the period of "Blash III" and they had set fire to Tisophon and now they are happy with this kind of arson of Tisophon and by the Arabs, whose historical identity documents have been lost! They were called and in addition to Cyrus, and for the administration of the Babylon fortress at that time, whose fortress was smaller than the next great Tisophon's fortress and included seven large neighborhoods, and therefore a type of Iranian "fortress" called "Arg Pet" or "Arg Bad" in the conquered city of Babylon In addition to this, the assignment of Koresh and another type of luxurious mansion in the neighborhood of Babol as the location of the "Iranian camp" and the appointment of two Iranian officers to deliver the Babylon camp and his government orders from afar and to the inhabitants of Babylon, which became the basis of the local districts of the cities under the rule of Persepolis, or vice versa. Bring the people of Babylon to him! or deliver it to the kings of Persepolis! Therefore, from that era to the present era of Asia, the core of the "Ministry of Cutting and Posting" Asian societies" was poured by him at the same time and not by the Arabs or Europeans, or through the mechanism of this type of Babylon printing press and "culturally born" in the global administrative system"
Enter the past and enter the soil of Great Iran or enter their Asian livelihood, which was the special administrative culture of Iranians and was the guardian of that system for 8 centuries! And it was in this direction that the Parthian leaders used to spend the spring in "Shahr Ray" or in the large and fertile plain of Varamin and Karaj for a period of time, which they called the city of "Arshkiyeh"!
- Tisophon and its capital developments and cultural confrontation with Roman civilization
- Part II
- From: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam- urban sociologist
- Is it due to the civilization of the Arabs of Morocco and Libya, but other Asian nations did not have this type of administrative system or monetary system! And while the historical and documented documents do not accept this kind of claim of the Arab civilization of Egypt, Damascus, Baghdad, and Morocco! And while this kind of cultural concepts forced me to bring them in, and centuries before the appearance of this type of contemporary Arabic writers, it existed only in the Asiatic Tisophon, and in addition to the Parthians and Dharams. Their own historical period and this type of "subsistence administrative systems" or "special administrative urban development" It is either the book of Ahsan al-Taqasim of Maqdisi, and this is a kind of imitation of the culture of city-building, or the administrative divisions and customs of its own era. They do not mention the type of Asian urban civilization, what ethnic group are they? Or which type of human race is the result of creation? Or which human government is the result of the cultural system? In which city of Tisophon, or in Damascus, Cairo, and Rabat, Morocco, has it matured? Even such a system of Tisophon's city-building, or the divisions of urban, administrative, and military areas, and its expertise, did not exist in the "civilization of the ancient Roman city"? Or that type of complex urban and military architecture system is necessary It did not have or was not known in European cities, and for this reason it was defective and was attacked by the barbaric "Visigoth" or "Ostrogoth" and Vandal tribes. And the Germanic and Frankish people were placed in Europe, so their ancient Roman Empire civilization collapsed soon! which was the rival of the city of Tisophon or through the conquest of the city of Rome by the European barbarian peoples and quickly collapsed that authors such as Gibbon or "Don Nardo" and writing the book "Causes of the Greatness and Decline of the Ancient Roman Civilization" try to understand the philosophy of the collapse of the "Roman Civilization" Western universities and introduce them to their students, but the Parthians chose another city-building method in the construction of the capital of Tisphon and protected the city, or they knew well the decline and collapse of their own capital, or how to preserve the center of Asian agricultural civilization and "administrative civilization". Tisophon but the later Europeans and Romans, such as Alexander's period, did not know only simple war with Asian cities, but rather they used complex military and political methods and attacked the land of Asa and even took over the income of Asian villages and cities, but with urban planning measures and management And the forced military of Parthians and Sassanids would be neutralized! Either the great Parthian city of Tisophon was neutralized with correspondence measures and in communication with the leaders of small Asian cities, or it was neutralized in the optimal management method of small Asian cities, or it was neutralized for about 500 years when the Romans made frequent attacks and they also in The edge of the Euphrates border was repelled, and in history there is rarely a country whose capital is on the edge of the enemy's border! Asia does not exist and has disappeared, but it exists in the books of European historians and they are mentioned that they did not burn the documents of their own historical books in the library of the rival city of Rome, or like the historical books of the library of Tisophon. Therefore, most of them have remained and are cited by contemporary historians. For example, in Europe, there are names of hundreds of European historians who were historical reporters in the Parthian and Sassanid eras, but in our society, they are the names of Asian historians or in the era of the 440-year conflict between the two cities "Tysphon and Rome". "Still not there! He reports Rome, or he reports the conflict in the villages, or outside the Tisophon fortress, or he mentions it in his historical book! For example, he has documented the way Julianus the Roman campaigned to the city of Tisophon during the Shahpur II period, or in his book. In addition, about 20 other Roman historians have also mentioned the types of campaigns of the Roman army to the city of Tisophon or have mentioned them in their historical documentary reports! Or are the names of European historians, Vionians, and Armenians still available in the libraries of European universities, and for example, one of the Roman historians has mentioned that the Roman Ulyanos attacked Tisophon and looted and took all Tisophon's treasures! We have nothing and we only claim that we are the most literate Asian nations, but the rest of the nations are not Asian or are not as Iranian as us! They don't have historical books or historical authors like us! And while in the library of our own Tehran University, it is not the case that he gives a "historical doctorate" today, or in his other faculty, he gives a doctorate in urban planning and urbanism of Asian cities! Either it is not in the national library or in the library of our parliament! Or there is still no Iranian historian of the past and there is no such thing as Herdot, Plutarch, Pliny or Musa Khorni, who mentioned the history of the forced political and economic civilization of our own Asia 5000 years ago. Or let them know the documents! Or mentioned in his book! Even the historical books after our Islam have such a situation! If it wasn't for the burning of the library of Tisophon, our historiographical method would have been different, and the scholastic assumption that he is a Greek historian and has mentioned something about the historical events of the Sassanids, which is trustworthy, or he mentions and writes that "materials The said history is obtained from the "government repositories and the annals of the library of the Sassanid capital Tetisphon, or it reflects it, or "Efrat" is a Syrian historian who also mentions the situation of the Christians of Iran or Tisophon, and is the only government material of the Iranians of the Sassanid era, which in There are no Arab history books after the advent of Islam! Either there is no such kind of trustworthy method or mention of historical material, or there is no such thing about the past of Asia! All of this has caused us to not understand the past situation of Tisophon! Or we do not know the situation of events after Islam or the causes of the cultural decay of Tisophon! And this is what "Gibbon" "Via Don Nardo" It existed, but it was terminated by some Asian tribes and its civilization was terminated, so even the Arabs who conquered this great Asian capital still do not know what is the philosophy behind the fall of Tisophon? Or after taking the valuables from the houses or after the confiscation of its properties, buildings, shops and houses in the year 145 AH and they refused to live in the big and grand houses of this great Asian city? Or did the administrative courts not humiliate it again and again or were they not ready to accept it as a medium city along with other cities under their control? Or at least keep it as a small city in current Iraq? Or at least they didn't rebuild the city again? Or they didn't do it for their new Arab government! or at least as an "agricultural village" They didn't get the middle of Iraq and in this way keep the good urban facilities left over from the previous fallen regimes for their own government? Rather, because of this type of their own wrong policies and being ready for the civilization of 1100 Tisphon to die or all the material and cultural investments forced Will the past disappear forever? Or will it be forced to destroy the historical capital at the expense of other Asian nations? which Gustavo Ben calls it "Arab model civilization"! And what the Assyrian government and the city of Babylon had not done before it, or in the collapse of the technical and material civilization of the former cities of Sumer, Babylon, and Elam, in Mesopotamia, or in the Middle East, but the civilization that arose from the Sham civilization did it, or with historical achievements. And the advanced architecture of Tisophon was carried out, which was all due to the political, cultural and religious discretion of the rulers of Damascus and Arab Beirut, that Tisophon remained uninhabited for about 145 years and turned into a garbage dump? And all the houses, shops, administrative buildings, government palaces, etc. Has it disappeared, or after the looting of all its furniture, and this time, it will remain in a state of disrepair, or it will remain uninhabited! And what the Visigoth, Ostrogoth, or Vandal barbaric tribes of Europe did not do with the city of Rome, or the Huns who dominated the Romanian country of Europe did not do it with the ancient Roman urban civilization! But due to the administrative policy and culture of the aforementioned caliphs, it was like this, and with the policy of the Umayyad caliphs, this time the great city of Tisophon became empty of people, or they suggested that a Kufa be built instead, or that it be built with mud houses and no administrative system! Or a city without urban defense and instead of the complex historical Tisphon! But contrary to their vision, Kufa's urban development didn't stay or take off! And later on, it was removed from the scene of Iraqi cities! So, did the Arab leaders prefer culturally or did they prefer religiously that Tisophon be disarmed, or remain without a government, without an army and empty of population, or this time as a large uninhabited city and come to be forgotten? Or did they even prefer to avoid settling the families of military Arabs in the empty houses of Tisphon? Or is there no one left in the mansions of the seven neighborhoods of Tisophon, or do they prevent the Arabs from changing their behavior with the said action, or lest the Arabs lose their military power with the said action, or the opening of the Arab country?! Or by getting used to permanent residence in Tisophon and changing their behavior, or because of having a permanent administrative and agricultural job, or a succession in the same Tisophon, and lest the spirit of the country be weakened and removed? It remained from the population, so during their rule or about 145 years, only weeds grow in the courtyards of Tisphon and its houses, and it was not even used for agriculture, or even the lands of that city, with its large size, are not suitable for useful agriculture, and the villages are not useful for farming. Let Mesopotamia's agriculture be planted and harvested to become "productive of agricultural civilization"! Or after its fall, it only had the property of growing weeds! Or, in the middle of the big valley and the rich agriculture of Tigris and Euphrates, he had preserved the world for himself, which used to have a unique civilization and human production civilization! In addition, even in the alleys and passages of Tisophon, there was such a situation, and only weeds grow in the area of 7 large neighborhoods of Tisophon, conquered by Arabs! And finally, with the fall of the Sassanid civilization, the world became a single city and an uninhabited civilization! And with this type of wrong cultural policies of the Arabs of Damascus and Baghdad, and the only cultural and civil history of the past, Tisophon, will be forgotten! Even the previous caliphs were willing to have this type of cultural policy, and for this reason, they thought that the construction of two garrison cities, Kufa and Basra, is better. The task of Tysphon Oz will disappear! But a century and a half later, the same mud and clay city of Kufa did not stand up! Or a city like Basra became less prosperous, or it didn't stand up for two centuries with its straw and wicker houses, and what's more! There was also an uprising of Zangians and African slaves who were brought by the Arabs from Africa to plant dates in the groves of Basra! In addition, according to the author of Fatuh al-Badaan, in the first two centuries, the mat houses of Basra and many houses were frequently burned, or during the first two centuries, they became Islamic! Therefore, they could not replace the civil, urban or commercial system of Tisphon! They insisted on that type of urban policy in vain! But the urban policy of the Umayyads did not work either, nor did the policy governing the city of Baghdad work, and besides, considering the treatment of the Arabs in the two cities of Kufa and Basra and Hazrat Ali, they were aware or had observed that issue well, and how the Arabs of Basra and Kufa or during the three What did they do in the Battle of Jamal, Safin and Harwan with Hazrat Ali? Or what did they do in the Battle of Jamal near Basra with Imam Ali? Or in the Battle of Safin and Naharwan around the Euphrates, how did they betray their elected government! Or how did they end the 5-year rule of Imam Ali in Kufa with this kind of five-year civil wars, and how did they end the 5-year rule of Imam Ali in Kufa, and a Kufa was built by Umar, and Hazrat Ali had come from Madinah to the city of Kufa, and 19 years had passed since the life of Imam Ali. In the year 35 AH, he came out of Madinah to establish an Islamic government in Kufa! But it was the other way around, and only in Ramadan of the year 40 AH, he was killed in the Islamic mosque of Kufa by the Khawarij of Kufa! Or his son, Imam Hassan, and for the same political reasons, he recommended the government of Kufa. leave it and return to Medina again! In addition, his other son named Imam Hossein, who was invited by the fake letters of the Arabs of Kufa, but was killed by the Euphrates and his family by the Arabs of Kufa, or he was killed in 61 AH! And then the same people of Kufa, this time, became supporters of Abdullah bin Zubair and gave him the leadership of Kufa, and then he didn't last either! Therefore, the Umayyad family, because of the whims and fancies of the people of Kufa in the years 73 to 90 AH, preferred that Kufa and Basra be removed! And in this way, they resorted to Jajaj bin Yusuf Thaqafi and their representative in Iraq, or they ordered him to build " Is Wasit city "in the Iraqi region, or did they create the new Wasit city of Altasis and replace the three troublesome cities of Kufa, Basra, and Tisfon?" In addition, only the Arabs put Khorasan under the rule of Hajjaj or put it under the governorship of Wasit city in Iraq! And with these administrative methods, the root of these three important and historical cities of Mesopotamia will be uprooted! In addition, with these kinds of wrong policies, the urban body of Tisophon was torn down before Islam, or the urban body of Kufa and Basra was also torn down after Islam, and the lives of both Iraqi cities were destroyed or forgotten under their rule! The construction of the new city of Baghdad should be completely destroyed, so in 145 AH he decided to build Baghdad and followed the policy of removing both cities of Kufa and Tisophon, because he, like the Umayyads, felt great fear of the three cities of Kufa, Damascus and Tisophon, and for this reason in 145 Hijri tried to remove the small settlement "Baghabad" near Tisophon and the city of Baghdad and Kufa by transforming it, and the memory of the urban revival of Tisophon was removed! Empty of people have also been torn down and this time they will be used in the construction of palaces in Baghdad! And the memory of these "three annoying cities" will be removed! Or with the said mechanism, this time, the future political conflicts of those three cities will disappear! And for this reason, Mansour Abbasi decided and the rest of the Abbasid caliphs completed his decision, that after 145 years, it was decided that the physical body of Tisophon should be removed from the territory of Iraq, or even the bricks and building materials of Tisophon should be removed and used in the construction of the city of Baghdad and Samarra. It should be taken! Or the bricks of the mansions of the 7 large and non-residential neighborhoods of Tisfon should be torn down and used in the construction of palaces in Baghdad! According to various historical sources, they faced the opposition of the Iranian family of Bramke, who held the position of minister, but they did not pay attention to their warnings, and this time they dismissed Bramke! Later, the position of the powerful Iranian peoples and the acceptance of the thesis of the Abbasid caliphs, and such a position regarding the city of Tisophon, they found that in this way the historical memory of the city of Tisophon will be forgotten! Therefore, the same Iranian leaders of the mentioned governments who later dominated the city of Baghdad, such as the Iranian leaders of Abu Dand, who took Baghdad, or the leaders of the Seljuks, or the leaders of the Qaraqian, or even the leaders of the Ottomans who ruled the city of Baghdad, had this kind of thinking. They did not like the revival of the greatness of the city of Tisophon or they did not agree with the revival of the memory of the history and civilization system of Tisophon! So they acted with their own politics and caused the urban life of Tisophon and Kufa in Mesopotamia to never return or to disappear forever in the soil of Iraq and Mesopotamia! Or even Al Boyeh, who claimed to be an Iranian government or against the Bani Abbas and Baghdadi government! But they never tried to revive the cities of Kufa and Tisophon, so that at least Kufa would be revived, which was the seat of Hazrat Ali's rule, while they claimed to follow him! And only with the revival of Hazrat Ali's tomb outside the city of Kufa and The universities of Beirut, Iraq, and Egypt should be removed! Even from the point of view of the colonized authors of the University of Tehran or Tabriz, the history of the civilization of Tisophon and the urban planning courses of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of the University of Tehran should also be forgotten! And they should only get used to the opinions of people like Gustaluben, who is the author of the book "Civilization of Islam and Arabs", or rely on the documents of people like Lestrange, Richard Fry and George Zidan, who only introduce Arabs as the founders of Asian culture, or the authors of the Arabic language of the American University of Beirut. which only fuel the ethnicism of the Arabs! Except for the Parthians and the Sassanians, history has not written anything about the peoples living in Mesopotamia, but many western historians, anthropologists, administrative writers, or western architects have other interpretations, or they have a one-sided scientific approach to the manifestations of the ancient culture and civilization of the city of Tisophon. They refer to the history of "civilization of the city of Rome" and in such a way that today they do not even consider the architecture or the senate system of the city of Washington and the result of the American Indian civilization, but rather the evolution of the architecture of the Roman city of Italy, which was carried out by European immigrants from the territory of Europe to the territory of the former American Indians. Cultural transfer is given! In addition, the civilization of the ancient Roman Empire of Europe did not know the way and the result of the national civilization of France or Germany, nor do they know the result of the civilization of Austria or England, but rather they are all the result of "the cultural sphere influenced by the rich civilization of the city of Rome". which they created in the following periods, until the Arabs invaded Tisophon in 636 AD (equivalent to 14 Hijri) or a few years after the death of the Prophet, and in addition, due to the 8-year political power vacuum that existed in Tisophon, the Arabs of Yemen and Arabia also entered Mesopotamia. And this time they put an end to the 1100-year-old civilization of Tisophon and Mesopotamia, but before that era, there were only a few thousand Arabs and the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, and they were few, and about 5000 were Lakhmi Yemeni Arabs, who were surprised in the Arab-Iranian garrison and the agents of the war with the Romans, and at times Let the war enter the field and benefit the Sassanids! Also, before the era of the kings of Seleucus and Alexander and about 208 years, the Achaemenid governors or Iranian soldiers ruled the Tisophon neighborhood or they managed the "Babylon Tisophon neighborhood" or the construction or urban design of it and the "Treasury of their Achaemenid State".