" Herat and the way of urbanization of Timurid capital

( The causes of the greatness and decline of the Herat empire )

From: Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam

Specialization - urban sociologist

The four functions of Herat's urban development in the 170-year civilization of the Timurid Empire are different from the current nationalistic urbanization function of Herat, Afghanistan, and these four functions are similar to the function of urban ethnicity in Herat, which was different in the past historical period from the function of the current ethnic groups living in Herat, Afghanistan. The current nationalistic business of Herat, Afghanistan was also different, for example, the function of Herat's market, caravanserais, or economic squares, and the business of Timurid era cells, and the aspect of imperial and overseas trade, while these urban elements of the current Herat market have the aspect of domestic and nationalistic trade, and it is only a mechanism to meet the needs of Internally designed _ In addition to the components and elements that make up Herat of that historical period, or the administrative system and the system of neighborhoods, the population and ethnic groups living in Herat before the year 783 AH, and the difference between the city building and Herat is the Timurid period, which in this date, Wetimor Lang dominated the city of Herat and the government of Al-Kurt and the administrative courts. The former Herat is the end of the war. Can it establish a kind of imperial administrative system in the new city of Herat? Or can it change a small market or work in a limited area and turn it into a big market or a trading place for goods of the Asian Silk Road? Or change the traditional function of the tribes living in the former Herat neighborhoods! Or replace the limited educational content of the former Herat military school, which was in ruins, and this time turn 60 modern Herat schools into educational-professional work, or with a stronger scientific content and Dreschel will become a multinational! Or establish settlements in Herat that don't have a mere ethnic thought!

In the following, it should be said that the elements of urban development during the 170-year period of the Timurid civilization were divided into four different periods of urban development, and for this reason, the documents written in history or contained in the books of historians of the Timurid era have recorded different types of urban development for the city of Herat, or in this The four periods of Herat's urban development have specific historical documents, or they inform about the four decisions on the construction, parts and elements of Herat's urban development, or they have reflected in the historical books that in the end, the construction of the said four stages are not different, but they are complementary to the city and a type of city policy. They reflect the construction of a single unit, or they have been implemented during the 170 years of the Timurid government, which is as follows: ( The first period of the city of Herat(And during Timur's own period, it happened that the destruction of urban components or in the new and special constructions desired by Timur and his political theory were observed, and this process of urbanizing Herat took place between the years 783 AH and 807 AH (when Timur died) and His urban development policy was coordinated, or in this historical period, certain constructions of Herat city were prioritized, that the fortifications of the old castle and the construction system of the circles related to the government of Al-Kurt would be destroyed, so that urban transformation could take place, or the administrative buildings and administrative fans of Al Crete and in the city of Herat should be destroyed and the type of urban facilities that Timur wanted should be built in the city of Herat, so the documents quoted in the book Majamal Fasihi and Dzafar Nameh Yazdi, or in the book of Ibn Arabshah and this type of Timor's urban development policy Ranshan gives, or in this 24 years of Timur's personal rule in Herat, Rav has made a historical entry, and for this purpose, Timur ordered to firstThe castle and the palaces or the building of the old armory of Herat or the collective houses of the old administrative offices of Herat, which were the guardians of the financial authority of the Kurdish government in Herat city, will be destroyed and forced to migrate, or these fanatical administrative clerks and supporters of the Kurdish people will be exiled to other places, and some of He changed the architecture of the palaces or Darogh Khana building or Government House and the old commercial facilities of the city which are not useful, or by changing the administrative function or by repairing new constructions or by changing the location and turning it into a new building or Darogheh Khana, and then he assigned Timur and Vader soldiers. The city of Herat was deposited, which is described in detail in the book Majamal Fasihi or the book Zafarnameh of Yazdi, Zafarnameh of Shami, etc.The fanatics and supporters of Al-Kurt should be exiled to other places, and some of the palaces, Darogh Khana buildings, government offices, and the old commercial facilities of the city, which are not useful, should be changed in architecture, or by changing the administrative function, or by renovating new constructions, or by changing the location to a new building, or to He converted Darogh into a new house and then entrusted it to the soldiers assigned to Timur and Herat city, which is described in detail in the book Majamal Fasihi or the book Zafarnameh of Yazdi and Zafarnameh of Shami etc.The fanatics and supporters of Al-Kurt should be exiled to other places, and some of the palaces, Darogh Khana buildings, government offices, and the old commercial facilities of the city, which are not useful, should be changed in architecture, or by changing the administrative function, or by renovating new constructions, or by changing the location to a new building, or to He converted Darogh into a new house and then entrusted it to the soldiers assigned to Timur and Herat city, which is described in detail in the book Majamal Fasihi or the book Zafarnameh of Yazdi and Zafarnameh of Shami etc.etc. has been paidetc. has been paid

2- The second period of Herat city buildingDuring the 43-year reign of Timurid Shahrukh, it happened that he officially chose Herat as the capital of the Timurids, or he established urban facilities in accordance with the order of an Asian capital, and in the city of Herat, the seat of his rule, he founded a city that complements the urbanization process of his father, Timurid, or is in line with the decisions 36 sons, grandsons, and grandsons of Timur, according to the theory, there were 17 daughters and granddaughters of Timur with their husbands and children who wanted Herat to be the capital, so they all moved from Samarkand and Sultaniyeh and settled in Herat city, or they built houses or mansions for themselves in this city, and in addition, about 10,000 office workers in Timor were also in favor of moving their office to Herat because they are among the literate sections of the cities.It was Asia that Timur Lang had chosen to build his big administrative organization and moved to Samarkand, or there were tens of thousands of craftsmen, architects, doctors, painters and artists who moved to Samarkand to develop industry and art in this city, but after Timur's death in 807 With Herat becoming the capital, they were all forced to move to the new capital of the Timurids in Herat city, and this time, the same 10,000 employees of the Timurid government in Herat city built 12 large administrative offices of the Timurid ministries, or the offices and document rooms of the Herat libraries. And they established a foundation and it was like the building of Diwan Stifae of Timurid which had skilled clerks, auditors and numerous tax collectors who collected agricultural taxes or commercial taxes from different Asian cities and brought them to Herat's treasury or took documents from the caravans of the Asian trade roads and the Silk Road etc. Taxes and documents of the court of appealsThey maintained and classified Herat, or they were the employees of the Diwan Barid and the post shop of the Timurid era, who had the skills to inform, or they were the employees of the Diwan of Nobles and Espionage of the Timurids in the city of Herat, or they were the military employees of the Diwan of Sepahalari and the Ministry of War in Herat, who called them "Tarkhan".They said that their authority was more than ordinary houses, and there were over 100 Timurid senior officers and the military headquarters of the Great Timurid Empire in that military building in Herat, and the historical records of the eloquent book or Zubdeh al-Tawarikh and their numerous names or the place of their military mission during the 43 years of the reign. They have mentioned Shahrukh in Herat in their books, and in addition, the employees of the Diwan Zaghra Nabisi or the Diwan Dar al-Qudzai of the Timurids, etc., were in the new Herat, and in addition, at least 60 Timurid regional rulers built a school in Herat, or earned income from the agricultural income of a region under self-administration, or directed construction of a scientific school and sent to Herat city so that the administrative employees of the region under their rule and in Herat schools can learn administrative and judicial methods, or with the income of some wealthy eunuchs and bazaars who reduced their income to build a Herat school or for residential accommodation 50 to 60 students of scientific or religious schools in HeratAnd they invested in a building in Herat, which is shown by various historical documents, while in his time, Timur Lang and about 40 to 50 thousand religious students or poets from different cities joined Timur's army, or city painters, calligraphers, architects, builders, doctors, etc. from their city. They were cut off and moved in Timur's mobile camp along with him, and after Timur's death, they were all forced to settle in Herat, so they needed a new place to study or teach, so according to the book of Mather al-Muluk, and the construction of this type of new schools in Herat and during Shah Rukh's period. Timurid started and about 50 to 60 military rulers or wealthy eunuchs of Asia helped this purpose or built schools and schools in Herat city for this type of stratification of knowledge seekers or provided tuition fees and in addition there were hundreds of wealthy merchants from different cities with Timurid. The choice of Herat city as the new capital was made by Shahrukh Timuri and the same merchants by purchasing the gardens of 15 agricultural settlements in Herat.His gardens were connected to each other on both sides of the Herat River (Hari River) of the El-Kurt period, or the Ghorian civilization was an agricultural urban land that was all over the Herat area and a collection of all kinds of fruit gardens, and only the residential houses of 15 villages were connected to each other. Al-Kurt had been converted and in addition to its urban facilities or bazaar and school, and according to Herat's letter Saif Heravi, there were few, and later with such actions, 15 buildings were purchased from the Timurid courtiers and most of Herat's lands or gardens, and they were converted into homes, schools, mosques, and caravanserais, and the names of these 15 It is an old agricultural settlement listed in Hafez Abru's geography book, which was bought, or its gardens, or the fields of its old settlements were cut into pieces and turned into various types of traditional markets and caravanserais, or it became the chamber of guilds and artisans of the new markets of Herat, or it became the home of Timur's mobile army in the coming days. The old gardens of Herat and the historical period of Shahrukh in the form of residential areasDozens of new neighborhoods have arrived, such as Herat's blacksmiths' neighborhood, Herat's new candle-making neighborhood, Herat's shawl weavers' neighborhood, Herat's merchants' and ministers' neighborhood, Herat's close courtiers' neighborhood, or Herat's Tarkhanian neighborhood (the residential neighborhood of Timurid government soldiers), or the residential neighborhood of office clerks and office clerks in Herat. They came to live in the neighborhood of judges and scholars, or Suqyoun neighborhood (the new market neighborhood of Herat), and so the residents of the 15 old villages of Herat sold their suburban gardens to the new strata of Herat, and only the houses of the old villagers remained, or as a neighborhood of the herder stratum or The old gardeners of Herat came to be part of the lands inside the city, or this time they had houses in the neighborhood of dozens of newly built guilds of Herat, and therefore from the period of Shah Rukh, when Herat was transformed into the capital of the Timurids, or changed the urban structure, and this time it became a large urban construction workshop. In addition to quoting historical documents of the Shahrukh period and the Mezboro periodThe Shahr Castle, the moat, and its surroundings were rebuilt, or the Ikht al-Din Castle of Herat, which was left over from the El-Kurt period, was transformed into a Timurid prison, and in addition, dozens of palaces or royal gardens were built in Herat, such as Sefid Bagh, Bagh Zaghan, Mukhtar Bagh, and Marghani Bagh. etc., or the buildings of several libraries or hospitals, or the buildings of many monasteries, mosques, and bridges, or they were Rashehri, or the buildings of the mills, Haziras, or tombs with elegant architecture that were built, or the school buildings and Jame Mosque of Gohar Shad Agha, or the buildings of Dar al-Hadth and Dar al-Laytam in Herat, which were It was created and I will refer to the historical documents of those buildings in various historical documents, so from 807 AH to 916 AH, Herat remained the capital or Herat for 110 continuous years and remained the capital of about 10 Timurid kings, and there are various documents such as Zubdeh al-Tawarikh or Majamal. Eloquence or geography of Hafez Abro, etc. and to some of this city systemThe new construction of the Shahrukh period has been mentioned (3-The third period of Herat city-building took place during the 18-year reign of Sultan Abu Saeed Timuri from 855 AH to 873 AH when he sat on the throne in Herat city and completed the construction deficiencies of the previous periods of Herat city-building and historical documents This era and its urban development are present in the four-volume books of Al-Saadin and others 4 (- the fourth era of Herat urban development)During the 38-year reign of Sultan Hossein Baiqara of Timurid, which is a complement to the urban development of the previous three periods, and with the cooperation of his minister, Amir Alishir Nawai, very important urban and neighborhood facilities were built in Herat city or in other places, which are the historical documents of the period. His reign is mentioned in the books of Rawza and Safa, or in the third and fourth volumes of the book of Habib al-Sir, or in the books of Makarem al-Khalaq, or in the books of Mather al-Muluk and Khalid Barin, and Hasan al-Tawarikh, etc., and it is during this historical period that the wealth and income of Herat merchants or chamberlains increased and Therefore, most of the inhabitants of Herat needed to renovate their houses or they needed to modify the construction materials of their houses and market stalls, so in this period of the fourth city of Herat, Herat's urban river was repaired, or many ponds and cisterns were built in different areas, or the architectural style of the houses was changed. They built durable houses in Herat, especially the one p. 1145 of the eloquent bookwrites that:In the year 843 Hijri, due to the frequent rains in Herat, a number of traditional houses were destroyed, or the old neighborhoods of Herat, which were made of clay and mud, were exposed to collapse and destruction due to heavy rains. Cholera spread in Herat, so in Herat and about 10 to 15 thousand inhabitants of Herat died as a result, and after their death, their houses were exposed to destruction, so Timurid Shahrukh and in this historical period, in order to save the lives of the people of Herat and decided to fight the third war with the family of Qara Quvinlu. He decided to take the people out of the city or he decided to fight in Azar Baijan, and therefore he removed many of the military men living in the city or administrative employees and some of the merchants, or he removed them from the city for two whole years and they lived in military hospitals outside Herat. There were two major social trends, some of the old clay and mud houses were destroyed, and only the buildings of mosques, caravanserais, and schools.The brick houses remained, or the palaces, which were made of durable bricks and materials, had survived, but the old mud and clay houses of Herat were often exposed to the collapse of roofs and walls, all of which were restored during the reign of Sultan Abu Saeed and Sultan Hossein Bayqara, or were subjected to renovation and reconstruction with more durable materials. In addition, with the consolidation of the power of the Timurids and the continuity of Herat as the capital city and the rule over most of the cities of Asia, this time, the city's population and market prosperity increased, or the number of commercial caravans in that city increased, or the agricultural taxes that came from different places were poured into the administrative courts of Herat. His visit had added to Herat's development and population, and it was in such a way that Herat's city-building model became the mother model for Tabriz's city-building, which was the capital of the Agh-Qiyono and Qara-Qiolo governments, and therefore most of the urban institutions of Tabriz were based on the model of Herat's city-building, palaces and buildings. They made architecture and the same was the case with the city of Isfahan during the Shah periodAbbas Safavid became the capital and it was completely a copy of the palaces and bazaar of Herat, or it was the model of the mosques or royal gardens of Herat, especially since Shah Abbas had spent his crowning period in Mashhad or had spent it in the palace, which was formerly the Shahrukh Timuri Palace in the neighborhood of Chahar. The garden of Mashhad was either designed by Shahrukh Timuri or it was built for Shahrukh's stay in Mashhad, so the pattern of the four gardens of Isfahan also originated from the pattern of the four gardens of Mashhad that Shahrukh Timuri built these four gardens in Mashhad or the pattern of the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan. It originated from the model of Goharshad and Hemsar Shahrokh mosques in Mashhad, or from the model of Parizad Khanum Kanizek school and Amir Sidi Vysuf Ghiyath Sardar Shahrokh school in Mashhad, and the Timurid period of tiling on the domes was formed, which Shah Abbas implemented a model of in Isfahan, and the Seljuq period of tiling It was not in the dome of the mosques, but today it is under the shadow of the Taliban government and the backward Shahs of AfghanistanThey do not know the architecture of Herat, or the lack of literacy in Afghanistan during the reign of Zahir Shah, etc., such that Afghanistan does not have a reputable university or a cultural heritage office like Isfahan, to understand the meaning of the architecture and urban planning of Herat, so no one has yet understood the rich cultural heritage of Herat or the architecture and administrative system. And the advanced culture of Herat city has not realized its past, or it has not realized it in the Asian civilization and human civilization, and in addition, the research institutes of London or Manchester or European Oriental studies have not deliberately addressed it, or even Western publications have remained silent about the rich cultural heritage of Herat city!However, during the 130-year period of Herat as the capital city, several other Timurid kings ruled for a short period of time, such as Al-Agh Bey Mirzatimouri, Abdul Latif Mirza, Babur Mirza, and Badi al-Zaman Meza, etc., who ruled from three years to a few months, but because their rule in Herat was short, so the construction and urban development Herat was mentioned mostly in the same four historical periods of Herat, and it is also in these four historical periods that the population structure of Herat changed, or the structure of the neighborhoods, the structure of the offices and courts of Herat changed, or the structure of its market and trade changed, and at the end of its prosperity with the attack of the Uzbeks of the Mongol race and The city of Herat and the accumulated Asian civilization in the city of Herat was exposed to extinction, and the sheep-grazing Uzbeks, who were in the stage of early tribal civilization, or it was the attack of the early tribes and peoples under the rule of Shah Ismail to Herat, which fell in 916, and the remains of the civilization of the Timurid kings collapsed. Or the administrative organization of Herat's administrative staff collapsed and finally the army chiefsThe Timurids left the city of Herat and made a "cultural migration" to India, and this time they established the foundation of the Timurid Babur civilization in Delhi, and the 170-year-old civilization of Herat was extinct. and its four volumes are about the history of Herat in the 3rd and 4th centuries, etc., and it was compiled by four Arabs who were in this city, and the names "History of Herat" were written by Abu Nasr al-Qaisi, and the other one was written by Yunus Al-Bazazusumi and Abu Ishaq al-Hadad (343 AH). It was compiled and another one was compiled by Abu Isa Rooh (year 544 AH) and others, and although the title of all of them is "History of Herat", the content of most of them is about past myths and religious stories about Herat, or the biographies of Arab men living in Herat. During these early Islamic centuries, after the conquest of Herat, they lived in this citybut the content of most of them is about the myths of the past and religious stories about Herat or the biography of the Arab men living in Herat who lived in this city during the first few centuries of Islam after the conquest of Herat The other volume of the history of Herat was also written around the fifth century (472-546 AH) by Abdul Rahman Fami, and it is similar to the first few volumes. The book is based on the city of Herat, which has been compiled, such as the previous six volumes of Matab, it has little information about the city of Herat or about its urban facilities, and most of its contents are related to the history of the wars of the local kings of Herat with others, or the conflict between the kings of Crete and the Mongol tribes of Nakodri or There are Yesavari, Kangar Tai, and Afghans, etc., who were from the Jaghtai branch of the Mongols, and they intended to settle in Herat, but they did not meet with the support of the Ilkhani kings, who were from the Tuli branch of the Mongols, and because of that, the Jaghtai Mongol tribes could not produce agricultural taxes from Herat lands and send them to Sultaniyeh. Muhammad Khodabandha Yalkhani or Sultan Abu Saeed Ilkhani and Ghazan Khan and others supported the local kings of El-Kurt.or their government supported in Herat, the two branches of the Mughal Joghtai clan migrated to other parts of Afghanistan instead of Herat, or they moved to the mountains for their cattle breeding, and only in this historical period, about 3000 people from the Nokodri Joghtai tribes were able to settle in one of Herat's districts. But the kings of Al-Kurt, with the support of Soltanieh and the Yesauri tribe, opposed their leaders, and in this period, the history of the Khanian family can only be seen on pages 462 and 742 of the Herat Tarkhnameh of Saif Heravi, and only a few pages, and about the buildings built by Malik Fakhruddin Al-Kurt, or the buildings Malik Ghiyas al-Din can be seen in the city of Herat during the Ilkhanid and Matalabi period, and the eighth volume of "History of Herat" is also written about Herat during the Timurid period, and the title of the book is "Fi osaf Madina Herat"It is possible that it was compiled by Moinuddin Esfazari or it was written during the reign of Sultan Abu Saeed Baiqara Timuri, but it is similar to previous books and has little information about the mansions or how to build the city of Herat, and most of the parts of that book are related to the geography of other cities of Khorasan or cities It is Afghanistan, and therefore the documents related to the mansions of the city of Herat during the Timurid period are mentioned only on various pages of 40-50 volumes of the historical book of the Timurid period, which were written by historians and can only be extracted by research work or from the historical documents mentioned above. are known, and the other volume of the history of Herat was also written during the Timurid era by Nooruddin Abdul Rahman Jami or compiled in the year 898 AH. It is similar to the above-mentioned books and has a series of general or literary content.It was written in the Timurid period, it was written by Abdullah Al-Waez Heravi, which is about the tombs of 209 famous poets and scholars who were buried in Herat city, and in addition, the book was compiled in the period of Sultan Abu Saeed Timurid. It shows that at the end of the Timurid government, tombs were built on the tombs of many poets, or on the tombs of famous scholars of Herat, and a type of magnificent dome or with elegant architecture was built in Herat, or it was built by the Timurid government with their "government budget", or this type They are formed from "Mazarat Herat" and the other volume is "History of Herat"It is also related to me, and it is purely related to the history of Herat's buildings and buildings, or during the past 14 centuries of Herat, and based on past historical documents, a research has been compiled, which is 300 pages long and is a type of research pamphlet, but the history of individuals. There is no history of rulers or history of conflicts in that research, and I mention its summary in this article and about the buildings of Herat during the Timurid period, and I also add that in the olden days, there was a Sassanid fortress in Herat, which belonged to the Sassanid military, and it was called Shamrah Castle or Qala. There was Shemiran in the heights of the Dobradran Valley of Hari River (Herat River), which today is called the Dobradran Valley or Dehne Dobradran, and it is located in the neighborhood of Herat Street, or it is higher than Mukhtarami Mountain, and some also call it Gardene or Dehne Kemer Kalagh, and in the Sassanid and Tadadi periods There were soldiers in the mentioned Vakhandej castle, and they were tax collectors and crops, and about 15 of the Zoroastrian villagersThe settlements were taxed close to each other, which were on both sides of the Herat River, and today the Herat River passes through the border of Iran and Afghanistan, and then turns east towards Herat, and the discovery of the Mashhad River also flows into the Herat River, and also in the Sassanid period, a historical Sassanid bridge and over They built a bridge with 26 arches on the Herat River, and this Sassanid bridge was located in the Dobradaran valley area, called the Ma Lan bridge, and there was a river near this area, and the water in the river was high, according to historical sources, and it had 2,000 stones of water in the summer, but it had about 300,000 stones of water in the spring, and in the area of ​​the streams Or the river that branched from the river in this area and flowed into the gardens and fields of these 9 to 15 adjoining settlements, or flowed into the gardens and fields of the said settlements, and the geography book of Hafez Abrouveh has shared the names of these 9 to 15 settlements around Hari, or at this geographical point. He points out that in the gardens of those villages, different types of apples, peaches, and pears were grown, and for example inOne of its settlements, about 30,000 Khorvarangur, was built after the Arab attack on Khorasan and Herat, or in the war between the Arabs and the Sasanian soldiers of Kohandej, and Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, who was one of the companions of the Prophet, was killed, or in the "Gazargah District of Herat", which was the place of the war. He was killed and today his tomb is in this neighborhood and a building has been built on top of it. Later, according to p. 170 of Fatuh al-Baldan book, some of the Benutmim Arabs, or the Bani Khazam tribe, and the Arab Rabia tribe, settled outside the Sassanid fortress of Herat, or around the tomb of Khwaja Abdullah. Christians settled there, which was the outer Rabd Biruni of Kohnaz, and the Arabs called that Arab-populated neighborhood Rao "the pilgrimage neighborhood" of Herat, and outside the Arab-populated neighborhood of Mezboru, there were Zoroastrian agricultural settlements, and also according to Hafiz Abro's book of geography and also according to pages 83, 84, and 85 of the description of the Medina of Herat and Dayran. The geographical area and only a few agricultural settlements named "Turan"It was either the village of "Ghor Van and Bashtian" or the village of "Kamiran" or the village of "Sabqar" or the village of "Khiavan" (it was the neighborhood of the current street of Herat) or the village of Gadare or the village of Injil (the neighborhood of Nahr Injil was the present day of Herat) or the village of Al-Nanjan or the village of Adwan "Vitiran" was Herat, which existed and these were the Sassanid era agricultural buildings that existed until the Timurid era, or they only had the appearance of agricultural village houses, the body of these nine villages had rural inhabitants, but the gardens of its suburbs were attached to each other, and below the Sassanid military fortress There were other settlements called "Obeh"The settlement of Saqqalman was also there or it was in that geographical area which is mentioned in the historical sources. After the conquest of the Sassanid military fort, the Arab settlement of the shrine was added to them, and the Arab rulers of two centuries were from the said village, or it was in Rabad and the suburbs of the same Kohandej and 9 settlements. Iranian farmers were added, and in the first four centuries of Islam, this Arab-inhabited neighborhood had grown as a shrine in Herat, during the Taherian and Safarian period, and in Rabz-e-Khundez, and therefore, the aforementioned Arabs had built a type of traditional bazaar in Gazergah neighborhood or Herat shrine, and built waz al-achiqs or mud stones around the mosque. Ibn Amer built by himself or next to the Arab government and to buy crops and houses of 9 agricultural settlements in Herat or to buy the crops of dozens of villages far away.Or they had made mud stones, or they had built it around Ibn Amer Mosque, or they had built it next to the Dar Lahkome of the Arabs, and to buy crops and houses for the 9 agricultural villages of Herat, or they had built it to buy the products of dozens of villages far away.Or they had made mud stones, or they had built it around Ibn Amer Mosque, or they had built it next to the Dar Lahkome of the Arabs, and to buy crops and houses for the 9 agricultural villages of Herat, or they had built it to buy the products of dozens of villages far away.At the same time , they bought the needs of the same village and sent them to other Arab places, such as sending them to the markets of Ray, Baghdad, or Neishabur, or they bought them from the market of Baghdad, and they bought them in the shrine area around the tomb of Khwaja Abdullah Ansari and the cemetery of Gazergah in Herat to the villagers of two They were selling on the side of the Herat river. Also, from the Sassanid period, etc., apart from the Sassanid fortress and the 26-arch Sassanid bridge, there was also another fire temple, or there was a fire temple in Rabd, where the Zoroastrian villagers, farmers from the countryside around Harirud, came to it or went to the temple for worship, which is called the mentioned fire temple and Dars 82. There was a book describing the city of Herat called the Fire Temple "Arshak" which lasted for two and a half centuries, and in addition to the eloquent book, the opponents of the Fire Temple during the Taherian period destroyed it, and the aforementioned residents went to the court of the Taherians and to the city of Neishabor to complain, but their answer was negative. Also, according to page 84 of the book Fi Usawaf Madina Herat, which writes that the settlement of Kamiran was located in the south of Herat, and in addition, the settlement of Ghor Van was also north of the Herat River, and in addition, according to historical sources, some streams branched off from the Herat River, and some of them were called "Ezzedin River". Also, there was "Lok Lak Khana River" or "Injil River" etc. which they separated and used to take to the gardens of said agricultural villages, and in addition to the quote on page 84 of the book "Fei Usawaf Madina Herat" which writes: "There is a mountain above the north of the city of Herat and a mountain in the middle of it" They call it "Gazergah" and the shrine of Khwaja Abdullah is there, and on page 85 of the said book, it adds that there was no building in the north of the Injil River in Herat before the Timurid period, but now, from the Herat River to the foot of Zanjergah Mountain and the "Badaran Valley"Nowadays, different buildings are built and connected to each other, so it is possible that after the Timurid period, the city changed and moved from the south of Herat to the north of the Herat River. Also, on page 388 of the book on the description of the city of Herat, he writes in the year 432 Hijri and the Seljuks to They marched to the central fortress of Herat and destroyed Qahandz and Herat, whose ruler was in the hands of the Ghaznavids during the mentioned period, but due to the conflict between the Seljuks and the Ghaznavids, Herat remained unoccupied for ten years and the fate of Herat, and later, according to Ibn Hawqal, during the Mongol attack on Herat city and about 19,000 inhabitants in The settlements were located in that geography and during Genghis Khan's attack on that area, a number of them died, and history writes that during the period of Al-Kurt and the Shahs of Al-Kurt, they built Ikhtar al-Din Castle and the heights of Herat city, and their soldiers settled in Ikhtar al-Din Castle, and the soldiers guarded the houses. from the region of Ghor and Khavaf and... Farah... and so on...they had brought and some of the Mongol tribes were among the soldiers of the small government of Crete or had been until the historical period of Timur's attack. In addition, the book on the description of the Medina of Herat mentions that the population of Herat at the end of the Timurid government was about 600,000 people, which number in Inside the city, some of the guilds and professionals were the administrative employees of the city, and there were a number of them outside the city, which were about 400,000 livestock farmers, gardeners, and farmers outside Herat, who supplied the food needs of the inhabitants of Herat city. It did not have the center of Khorasan and only had a small regional center. Also, during the Sassanid period, Balkh city was the center of old Khorasan, and later in the period of Mamun Abbasi, instead of Herat and Meru, it became the capital of Mamun Caliph Abbasi and the center of Khorasan. And it became the center of Khorasan, and therefore the city of Herat was the administrative minister of those cities of Merv and BalkhVanishabur remained and also during the period of Taherians, Samanids, Ghaznavids and Safaris, the two cities of Neyshabur and Ghaznain were made the center of Khorasan, so Herat remained under the control of these two cities, Khorasan, and it was the two cities of Khorasan that were appointed as the governors of Herat, until in the middle of the Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi governments, which were at odds with the Ghaznavid government. The authorities of Herat had a disagreement with the city of Ghaznin, so it was preferred that the local government of the Ghorians and the Kurds remain in Herat, and the Ilkhanid government also preferred to stay in the hands of the local government of the Kurds until the rise of Timur Lang. that the local kings were in El-Kert and sometimes in the city of Soltanieh, or they took orders from this city, or they sent their taxes to Soltanieh, but since the Timurid period, Herat changed, or the political nature of Herat's compulsion, urbanization, and ethnicity changed, or Herat's population, trade, and friendship changed. Webik is an important administrative and cultural cityThe continent of Asia became after the fall of the Timurid government, it also fell again, it became an ethnocentric city that is no longer proud of the glorious past of the Timurid civilization, and I must also add that the settlements of Herat were completely destroyed in Genghis Khan's attack on this city, which Ibn Hawqal Or, the book of Ruza al-Safa refers to the destruction of the buildings on both sides of Herat and the killing of its inhabitants, until the year 699 AH, which is the reign of Ghazan Khan, and its destruction continued until Malik Fakhr al-Din al-Kurt, with the support of Ghazan Khan, turned the city of Herat into a city with towers, barrows, dams, and trenches. His agricultural income should not be lost, so on pages 462 and 463 of Yaqub Heravi's book of History of Herat, he wrote about it, and on two pages of that book, he mentions some of the buildings built in Herat, as follows, and on the said pages, he writes that Shah Al-Kurt and the subjects of the cities He brought Afghanistan and started repairing Herat's tower, barvi, and moat, as well as at the foot of the fenceNizami of Herat or below the castle of Ikhtar al-Din of Herat built a field that was called "Hissar Square" or called "Eidgah" and built a wall around it or built a monastery there, and also at the foot of the same wall of Ikhtar al-Din, he made two huge ditches, and there was also a mosque. Ibn Amer repaired the old one, which had been damaged before, and he also repaired the "Darb Braman Herat" and the old mosque of Tareh Farush, or revived the former monastery of Sheikh Majad Al-Din, and also according to pages 742 to 745 of the book of Herat Tarakhnameh, Seifi Heravi and Durr. Sultan Abu Sahid Ilkhani and King Ghiyas al-Din al-Kurt repaired the Jame Mosque of Herat, which was already in ruins, or he built a palace for himself in the north of Herat's "Medan Hesar" and in addition, he also built a bathhouse at the foot of the moat at the foot of the Ekhti al-Din Hesar, or in the east of the square. Hesar and "Kushki"He built a great building and in addition to the foot of the fence and the four sides of Herat, he built a good bazaar and two workshops. He also built a huge monastery outside the city, next to the white garden, and Asia dedicated it to him. He also built a caravanserai next to the Tareh Forosh Mosque, and by the way, the military ruins of Herat remained from the Sajuqian period until they were restored in the Timurid period, and all the urban facilities of Herat and the Al-Kurt period were as large as the "History of Herat" Seif Heravi mentioned. Before Timur's attack on Herat city in 783 AH, it had the same amount of urban facilities, but during the Timurid era, it grew and huge urban facilities were created in Herat, which I will refer to the documents of, of course, during this historical period and the rule of Al-Kurt Herat 5 in the urban area. He had built it and it was in a valley in the west of Herat and it was going towards Iraq and Baghdad and "the gate of Iraq to Herat"It was called or the eastern gate of Herat was called "good door" or "dry door" and the south door of the castle was called "Firozabad door" and the northern door of the city was also called "Qabchag door" and in addition, the fifth gate is mentioned in historical sources. It is mentioned that the name "Sara Gate" was mentioned, which probably went towards the city of Kunduz, and inside the city, there was a square door or a "Malek door" and a Baraman door. And only the kings of Al-Kurt used to pass through, and later "Firozabad Gate" was also called "Kandahar Gate" and during the Timurid period it was built along Darb Khosh and "Khosh Bazaar of Herat" and also along Darb of Firozabad and Bazaar of Kandahar were built or in The extension of "Darb Malek" is also "Bazar Malek" or "New Bazaar".It was built and he also mentioned some of the gates of Herat in 77 books about the Medina of Herat, and also the description of Herat in the Timurid period is as follows: on page 526 of Zafar Nameh, Yazdi wrote that in the city of Herat, there was a military fortress called "Castle". There was "Ikhtar al-Din" that the soldiers of Al-Kurt were in that castle, and according to pages 501 and 851 of Yazdi's Zafarnameh book, when Timur conquered the city of Herat, the Shahan of Al-Kurt had built a palace in Herat's Zaghan Garden, which Timur turned into the new Dar al-Hukoma of Herat. His son Shahrukh Dad, who was considered a part of the royal gardens of the Timurids for 170 years, and also according to page 851 of Yazdi's Zafarnameh book, when Timur came to Herat in 799 AH and spent a few nights in the palace of the Zaghan garden in Herat, as well as according to page 526 of Yazdi's Zafarnameh book who writes:When he came to Herat in 784 and captured the city of Abhithaddin Castle, this castle was located on the side of Marghab River (Hari River or Herat River) and in the fifth position of that area known as "Meydan" and Ghorians and Abu Saeed Sepahsalashan and Darogheh of the city and the administrative centers of the city. And Nukaran came to the fence of Ikhtar al-Din and resisted Timur, and according to page 526 of Yazdi's Zafarnameh, which mentioned that the soldiers of Al-Kurt and some of its chiefs resisted in an alley called Khiyavan (which was later called the district of Dore Timurian street) ) they fought with the Timurid army, which is probably the word street and the word "street"And the wide street connecting these five villages in the area around the Herat River is assumed to be the graves of most of Herat's famous people in this area, or buried in the neighborhood of Endom Street. Other historical sources also mention that instead of the five dozen and 9 to 15 dozen agricultural fields around the Herat River, Or, it is mentioned in the historical sources of Guwalian village in Herat (now the remains of this settlement in Herat city are called "Bowalian Alley") and also "Bashtan is a town that became part of the city".Or is the town of Saqalman and Tutian, etc., which have been mentioned that until the period of Sultan Hossein Baiqara of Timurid, these 15 agricultural settlements were transformed into new neighborhoods of the newly built city. They were the Herat River, and they were built by a number of bridges and connected over the Herat River, and the settlement connected the two sides of the river, such as the Malan Bridge, the Nahr Injil Bridge, the Novo Bridge, the Rokineh Bridge, the Darqara Bridge, and the Khime Dozan Bridge, which Timurlang destroyed, and a number of those from the Herat River The stream branched off, such as "Lok Lak Khane" or "Ezzedin" or "Asia Che" or "Injil" or "Sultani" or "Joi Mahighir" or "No" and the bridge next to it or "Soltani"It was said that Sultan Abu Saeed Timurid had separated it from the Bashtan River and had taken its water to his palace, and yes, these were the agricultural settlements of the geography of Herat, or they were in the process of a complex social division of labor during the Timurid period, or the change in the social nature and the change of data-free and non-disciplined functions. "Professional trade union neighborhoods" were transformed, and for example, Amir Alishirnawai's book Makarem al-Akhlaq, on page 101 of his book, mentions the "Tarkhanian neighborhood" of Herat, which means the neighborhood where tens of thousands of military commanders, Tuachis, or military ghouls of the Timurid army lived in that neighborhood of Herat. They had either on the same page 93 of Oz's Makarem al-Akhlaq book "Shalbafan neighborhood of Herat is mentioned" or on page 101 of the same source and "Qalandran neighborhood of Herat" or the neighborhood where the employees of the numerous monasteries of Herat had their homes or on another page of the same book and from "Souqian district of Herat is mentioned"That is, the neighborhood where various merchants and caravan keepers lived in that neighborhood of Herat, or p. 178 of the book Mathar al-Muluk, and it mentions "the close neighborhood of Herat," that is, the neighborhood where the courtiers of the Timurids lived in that neighborhood of Herat, or p. 86 of the book "Attributes of the Medina of Herat" And in his book, he mentions the "Khwajgan neighborhood" of Herat, and also on page 1146 of the Mujamal Fashihi book, he also mentioned the "Sadat neighborhood of Herat" or on page 192 of the Mujamal Fashihi, he mentioned the "Garden neighborhood of Herat" or on page 101 of the Makarem al-Akhlaq waz book. Mir Adl neighborhood of Herat is mentioned or on page 192 of Makarem al-Akhlaq, Oz mentions "Shama Rizan neighborhood of Herat" and also on page 93 of Makaram al-Akhlaq book, he mentions "Pir Qawam neighborhood" of Herat, or on page 92 of the same book, he mentions "Chehlgazi neighborhood of Herat" He mentioned it on page 191 of Mathar al-Muluk book and "The children's neighborhood of Herat and the neighborhood of keeping orphans"It is mentioned or in another source, it is mentioned about the "neighborhood of artisans and blacksmiths of Herat" and on page 93 of Makarem al-Akhlaq, it is mentioned about "the neighborhood of the foot of Herat tree and... and.. it is mentioned that a guild group lived in that neighborhood and while in the settlements of Herat period Al-Kurt and only the rural farming class lived, and in addition, there was no large market stratification in Herat during the Al-Kurt period, and there were only three government caravansary of Al-Kurt, which are mentioned in Hesar Square, but during the Herat period, the Timurids and all kinds of commercial caravans of the Silk Road passed through this city and the area The market of Herat was also large, or its cabins and caravanserais had increased, and for example, the book on the description of the Medina of Herat, which was written at the end of the Timurid period, and on page 78 of his book, he writes:And the Malek Bazaar of Herat, which is built from the base of the fence and four sides with baked clay, and has several timchehs, each of which is parallel to the other bazaar, and outside every gate of the city, there is also a bazaar that stretches to the end of the city, which is almost one farsang, and in every corner Besides that, there is also a "neighbourhood market" and this type of development of the Herat market continued during the reign of the ten Timurid kings, so that it was a response to the trade caravans going to Herat, and other books of the Timurid era also refer to this point, including pages 204 and 208 of Makaram book. Al-Khallaq mentions the market of four souqs of Herat, or p. 168 of his book Mathar al-Muluk, he also mentions the four souqs of Mirza Alaa al-Dawlah Timuri and the market of Khush Herat, and also the book of Majamal Fashihi, on page 1057 of his book, mentions the market of Mukhtar in Herat and at the foot of Mount Mukhtar in Herat, and also The third volume of Habib Al-Sirham's book on page 16 of "Firouzabad Bazaar, Herat"And the caravanserai mentions it, and also pages 159 and 160 of Makarem al-Akhlaq book mentions the caravanserai "Rabat Amir Shah Malek in Herat" or pages 93 and 198 of Makarem al-Akhlaq book mentions the "caravanserai on Herat street" and in addition, the same book Makarem al-Akhlaq and p. 92 and 199 of his book, he discussed Rabat Caravanserai on Herat's sign street, or page 106 of Matharul Moluk's book, he also mentioned Rabat and Ikhlasiya Caravanserai, Herat, or page 167 of the same source, he mentioned Rabat or Farja Caravanserai, Herat, or pages 144 and 166 of Matharul Moluk's book, and Souq Al Amir of Herat Mentioned in Venice, page 117 of the same book, "Darband Bazar of Herat"It has been mentioned that next to every caravanserai there was a bathroom for bathing and washing the tired caravanners, or they had built a type of bathroom, such as Mahazi Shafaieh bathroom or Pande Deh bathroom or Tarnab bathroom or Touji bathroom or Forty girls bathroom or Dereh Zangi bathroom or Ziaratgah neighborhood bathroom or Saad Abad bathroom and Hamam Faizabad (all sources are on page 94 of Makarem al-Akhlaq) and also at the end of the Timurid period, it was built for the use of the residents of Herat and various reservoirs in different areas of Herat, or it was built with government funds, which were filled with water from the rivers of Herat, and the residents of all kinds The localities used to wash in those ponds, and for example, on page 93 of Makarem al-Akhlaq, and in his book, he has discussed a number of these ponds in Herat, such as Khod Pahlavi Shafaieh, Hoz Parian, Hoz Charkha, Hoz Khajah Kaleh, Hoz Diz Bad, or Ziaratgah pond or Sar Mazar Jami pond or Surpeshte pond or Mahazi pond of Ekhtar al-Din square or Maheyan pond or Heritage tree neighborhood pond orThe pool of Pir Qavam neighborhood or the pool of Chehl Gezi neighborhood or the pool of Shalbafan neighborhood or the pool of Qalandaran neighborhood or the shrine of Hazrat Makhdumi or the pool of Herat's Fushanj Mosque (which has mentioned these pools of Herat city and page 93 of the Makaram al-Akhlaq book) and also the heads of the Timurid state. Connecting the different neighborhoods and streets of Herat to each other and on various irrigation streams that passed through the channels in the middle of the city, and a number of bridges were built in Herat during the Timurid period, some of which have been mentioned on pages 101, 93, and 94 of the Mathar al-Muluk book, including Darqara Bridge, Card Bridge, Angel Bridge, or There are Saqqalman neighborhood bridge or Forty girls bridge or Qalandran bridge or Malan bridge or Salar bridge etc. Also, the Timurid government had built some mills with water circulation and some mills with water circulation for the purpose of making wheat flour for the people of the city. Anharm branched off from the Herat River and was supplied, and in addition, in this historical period, the Timurid government and several hospitals in the city.He had founded Herat, and for example, on page 179 of Mathar al-Muluk, in his book, he mentions Mahd Alia Malkat Agha Hospital in Herat, and also on pages 195 and 200 of Mathar al-Muluk, he also mentions Amir Alishir Nawai's Dar al-Shafai Hospital in Herat, to which all kinds of patients from Herat visited. And they were taking medicine or being hospitalized, and the fourth volume of Habib al-Sir's book also mentions the names of some famous doctors of these Herat hospitals during the Timurid period, for example, Habib al-Sir's book mentions Nizam al-Din Abd al-Hay Tabib on page 344 of his book, or on page 93 of Habib al-Sir's book On pages 559 and 344, Khatib al-Din Tabib or Habib Al-Sir refers to Alauddin Muhammad Tabib and Ezzeddin Hossein Tabib or another one to Yousefi Tabib, who are descendants of the doctors that Timur Lang brought to different places during his campaigns, or the fathers of this type of doctors Hazeq Rao from He separated different parts of Asia and moved to Herat and Samarkand, and also different pages of Habib al-Sir's book refer to itDuring the Timurid era, the city of Herat had several large royal libraries, which had a large number of different books in those libraries, or they had hired all kinds of experienced librarians, which is unique in the history of cities in the world, and for example, p. 350 of Habib Al-Sir's book " Royal Special Library "Homayouni Library"Herat mentions that it had tens of thousands of volumes of books, or it had different kinds of librarians, or page 193 of the book of Mathar al-Muluk also refers to the library of Sultan Ahmad Mirza in Herat, and the other is the library of Gohar Shad Khanum or the wife of Shah Rukh, who has the magnificent mosque and mosque of Gohar Shad outside. He had built Herat, and for that scientific school in Herat, he had created an important library, or similar to this type of Gohar Shad Mosque and his library, he had also established it in Mashhad, and also on p. 272, volume 4 of Habib Al-Siro's book, he mentions Khwaja Muhammad Ali Ketabdar in his book, or p. 350 Volume 4, Habib Al-Sir and Abdul Karim are mentioned as librarians, or p. 178, Vol. 4, Habib Al-Sir and Nizamuddin are mentioned as librarians, and in addition, on page 1, the book about the Medina of Herat is written by Ustad Kamaluddin Behzad, a painter, and as the head of the Royal Library of Herat.The book about Medina of Herat is written by the master Kamaluddin Behzad Naqsh and named as the head of the Royal Library of HeratThe book about Medina of Herat is written by the master Kamaluddin Behzad Naqsh and named as the head of the Royal Library of Herat, and about 60 newly established schools were built in Herat, each of which had a small library The village of Bashtan and the village of Saqalman in Herat are 30 farsakhs, and the distance between those two villages was four farsakhs across the city, starting from the gate of Darwaza and the valley of Dobradran, and it was two farsakhs to the Malan bridge, and its length was from the village of Kusuyeh to the village of Ube Wasi Farsakh, which was all gardens. There were palaces and others that had been a home during the Timurid era, but with the attack of the Uzbeks, Wasfawiyya and all 10,000 experienced employees of that city were displaced, or its administrative offices were destroyed, or the teachers and students of its 60 schools went to their own cities, and the soldiers of Herat also went to They went to India with the Babarians of Timurid and its bazaars and caravanserais faced a lack of prosperity, or the painting, calligraphy and inlay school of Herat ended and today it is not known what is left of those 60 scientific schools in Herat? Or how many remnants of those schools are left? And while historical documents show that during the Al-Kurt period, there was only one military school in Herat that was built during the Seljuyan period. And Mastansarih fell in the Tigris River during the attack of Halaku Khan on Baghdad, and after that date, it is not known what happened to the many books of the three important libraries of Herat or the books of 60 small libraries of Herat schools. Or what did they get into? But the documents of the pages of the book Mathar al-Muluk remain today, or it talks about many schools of the Timurid era, and only in this book, about 44 scientific schools in Herat are mentioned, or it mentions in the late Timurid period, the construction or the cost of their students and teachers, mostly wealthy men. He gave the culture of Herat, or the princes and their wives gave the culture of the Timurids, or the military amirs of the Asian regions gave, and also the books of Habib al-Sir, the book of Makarem al-Khalaq, or the eloquent author, or the well-informed author of Saadin, and Zubdeh al-Tawarikh, and a number of other schools of this type in Herat, and also the Timurid kings. In other cities that day, Gar had built different schools, including the Timurid Amirs or Parizad Schoolp. 169) and Khwaja Pabus school (p. 200) and Khwaja Jalaluddin Qasim Farnkhodi school (p. 192) and Khwaja Jalaluddin Mahmoud Ghoryani school (p. 178), Khwaja Hossein Kirangi school (p. 225), Khwaja Kamaluddin Kirangi school (p. 191), Khwaja Malek Zargar school (p. 220), Khwanche school (p. 169), Sabz Baraman school (p. 194) and Sultan Agha school (p. 198) and Ferozabad Green School (p. 144) and Herat Sultani School (p. 224) and Seyyed Ghiyasuddin Mohammad Baghban School (p. 199) and Aqeeqah School (p. 133) and Fasihya School (p. 178) and Qaraja Soghari School (p. 124) and Gohar Agha School And Hamsar Shahrukh Timuri (p. 194), Lotfullah Sadr School (p. 200), Nurullah School (p. 178), Malikiyeh School (p. 125), Tafilkan Neighborhood School (p. 191), Malikat Agha School (p. 198), and Maulana Jalaluddin Mohammad Qaini School (p. 169) and Mirza Shahrukh (p. 192), Herat's Nizamieh school (p. 220), Noura's school (p. 178), and Amir Aladdin Alike Kukltash's school in Herat (p. 198 of Mathar al-Muluk's book), as well as the book Fi Usawaf of Madinah Herat, also on p. 100, he has referred to the Sahih school and 6 other schools thatThe names of some of them are also mentioned in Mathar al-Maluk's book, and in addition, Habib al-Sir's book mentions Sar Pol Injil schools in Herat on page 310, or Jamaliyah school in Herat on pages 257 and 337, and also on page 302, chapter 4 of Habib al-Sir's book. Seyyed Ahmad Mirza has mentioned on page 605 Habib al-Siro to Madrasa Begum Herat or Dar al-Itam and the book of Ruza Al-Safa also to Madrasa Ikhlasiya Herat on page 812 or on pages of different groups of schools in Herat and the book Makarem al-Khalaq also mentions the names of 14 schools in Herat and The sentence refers to the school of Khawaja Fazlah Dars 178, or it refers to the school of Ahmad Taftazani and the school of Khosrowieh, and also the books of Majamal Fasihi or Zubadah al-Tawarikh and Malia Sa'din, and a number of schools in Herat, and the historical documents of the Al-Kurt period show that before the Timurid government in Herat There were two monastery buildings that were built by the kings of Al-Kurt and Herat, but at the end of the Timurid government andMany khanqahs were built in different areas of Herat, and Mather al-Muluk book mentions the names of 14 khanqahs in Herat and in this period of Herat's urban development history, which include the Khanqah of Ikhlasiyah in Herat (p. 196) or the Khanqah of Amir Firoz Shah (p. 194) and the Khanqah of Pir Herat (p. 192). And the New Monastery of Herat (p. 191), the Monastery of Khwaja Ismail Hesari (p. 169), the Monastery of the Pilgrimage (p. 200), the Monastery of Sabz Khyavan (p. 198), the Monastery of Satan Khatun (p. 198), the Monastery of Soltani (p. 221), the Monastery of Sheikh Chavosh (p. 194), and the Monastery of Masafir Panah (p. 198). p. 165) and Khanqah Malik in Herat (144) or Khanqah Malik Hussain Kurt in Herat (192) or Khanqah Mirza Shahrukh (p. 192) and Khanqah Muhammad Tabakani (198) and the book Makarem al-Akhlaq also refers to several other monasteries in Herat, including the shrine shrine (Source: p. 92 of Makarem al-Akhlaq) or to the monastery of Khawaja Fazlullah Abul Laithi (p. 61 of the source) or to the monastery of Astana Ansar-e Yeh (p. 107 of the same source) or the book of Rouza al-SafaHabib al-Sir's books also refer to some other monasteries in Herat, and in addition, the construction of mosques in the newly built areas of Herat was also important in the process of urban development during the Timurid period, but before the historical Andora, three mosques in Herat are mentioned, or the evolution of architecture or construction. The construction of the Grand Mosque of Herat has been discussed, and for example, as mentioned in the history book of Herat by Saif Heravi, during the period of Al-Kurt and the local shahans of Al-Kurt, they repaired and rebuilt the Grand Mosque of Herat, but the full description of the Grand Mosque of Herat is only on page 448 and the first volume of Hafez's book Zubadah al-Tawarikh. Is it or is it stated in detail that its description is as follows:The Grand Mosque of Herat and between Dowazeh is beautiful and inside the city and it is located in the middle of Herat city. The first founder of that mosque was Sultan Abul Fatah Muhammad Sam, but he died before the completion of the mosque, but after him and his son Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud in 598 AH, the mosque was completed. and it was destroyed during the Mongol attack, and again, Malik Ghiyasuddin of Crete, or during the Ilkhani period, started to restore that mosque, and after him, Sultan Moezuddin of Crete also tried to decorate that mosque, and then in the Timurid period, and Amir Jalaluddin Firoz Shah, who was the ruler of Herat It had been repaired and during the reign of Sultan Hossein Baiqara of Timurid, the mosque was going to complete ruin, and Amir Alishir Nawai and the Prime Minister of Sultan Hossein paid attention to it and in the year 903 AH, he rebuilt Herat Jame Mosque, more elegant than the first, with 460 domes. It was small or had 130 porticoes and 444 piles, and before him in the period of Timurid Shah Rukh, because the said mosque was worn out, and the happy gem of Shah Rukh's wife and TsamimHe decided to build a new comprehensive mosque outside Herat city or to build it next to Jovi Injil, which is mentioned in historical sources such as p. 1126, and it is also necessary to remember that Agha's happy jewel was built in 821 AH because of the commemoration of his father's death and next to the shrine of the 8th Imam. In Mashhad, he built the Gohar Shad Mosque in Mashhad, and then in the following years, he built the Gohar Shad Madrasa in Herat in a more beautiful style, and it is also in this historical period that Shahrukh repaired the moats of Herat, the fortress, and the fortress of the city, or he turned the Ikhtaruddin Castle into a prison. Also, during the Timurid period, a number of mosques were built in the new neighborhoods of Herat for the worshipers of the residents of the city, while in the period before the Timurid period, there were only three mosques of the market sellers, Abdullah Ibn Amer Mosque, or Falakuddin Mosque in Herat, which were left from the old times, but The book Mather al-Muluk mentions in its different pages the new mosques of Shama Rizan neighborhood of Herat, or the mosque of Khwaja Abdullah's grave, or the mosque of SarHe mentions the bridge in Qara or the Sar-Pol Injil mosque or the Darband Bazar mosque or the mosque in Bagh Shahr or the four-souq mosque of Mirza-al-Dawlah or the repair of the Herat Grand Mosque or the construction of the Gohar Shad Grand Mosque or the Iraq Bazar Mosque or the Pul Kard Mosque and also the book Makarem Al-Khalaq Nizo on pages He mentions that it is different from other mosques in Herat, such as Bagh Marghani Mosque, Tal Qutbian Mosque, Amir Ali Shir Navai Jami Mosque, which was the old Friday Mosque of Herat, which he rebuilt, or the mosque around Bagh Zaghan, or the mosque on Al-Atha Street, or the mosque of Sar Amir Islam Barlas Alley, Herat's Foshanj Mosque, Tarkhanian Mosque, Qalandran Mosque, Mir Adel Mosque, Jahan Namaj Mosque, etc. Besides, the Timurid kings had a lot of respect for poets, scholars and famous people, so after their death, they were buried in their cemeteries. He did not usually bury HeratHe mentions the Mirza Zala-Dawlah market or the repair of the Herat Grand Mosque or the construction of the Gohar Shad Grand Mosque or the Iraqi Bazar Mosque or the Pul Kard Mosque and also the book Makarem Al-Khalaq also mentions other mosques in Herat and for example some such as the Bagh Marghani Mosque or the Tal Qutbyan Mosque or Amir Ali Shir Navai Grand Mosque, which was the old Juma Mosque in Herat, which he rebuilt, or Zaghan Garden Mosque, or Al-Ata Street Mosque, or Amir Islam Barlas Street Mosque, or Foshanj Mosque, Herat, or Tarkhanian District Mosque, or Qalandran District Mosque, or District Mosque Mir Adel or the mosque next to Kushk are world-famous, etc. In addition to the Timurid kings, he had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so after their death, he did not bury them in the normal cemeteries of Herat.He mentions the Mirza Zala-Dawlah market or the repair of the Herat Grand Mosque or the construction of the Gohar Shad Grand Mosque or the Iraqi Bazar Mosque or the Pul Kard Mosque and also the book Makarem Al-Khalaq also mentions other mosques in Herat and for example some such as the Bagh Marghani Mosque or the Tal Qutbyan Mosque or Amir Ali Shir Navai Grand Mosque, which was the old Juma Mosque in Herat, which he rebuilt, or Zaghan Garden Mosque, or Al-Ata Street Mosque, or Amir Islam Barlas Street Mosque, or Foshanj Mosque, Herat, or Tarkhanian District Mosque, or Qalandran District Mosque, or District Mosque Mir Adel or the mosque next to Kushk are world-famous, etc. In addition to the Timurid kings, he had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so after their death, he did not bury them in the normal cemeteries of Herat.Herat mentions, for example, some such as Bagh Marghani Mosque, Tal Qutbian Mosque, or Amir Ali Shir Nawai Mosque, which was the old Friday Mosque of Herat, which he built, or the mosque around Bagh Zaghan, or Al-Ata Street Mosque, or Amir Islam Barlas Street Mosque. Or the Foshanj Mosque in Herat, the Tarkhanian Mosque, the Qalandran Mosque, the Mir Adel Mosque, or the Mosque next to the Koshk Jahan Najm, etc., and besides, the Timurid kings had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so after their death, they were not buried in the normal cemeteries of Herat. didHerat mentions, for example, some such as Bagh Marghani Mosque, Tal Qutbian Mosque, or Amir Ali Shir Nawai Mosque, which was the old Friday Mosque of Herat, which he built, or the mosque around Bagh Zaghan, or Al-Ata Street Mosque, or Amir Islam Barlas Street Mosque. Or the Foshanj Mosque in Herat, the Tarkhanian Mosque, the Qalandran Mosque, the Mir Adel Mosque, or the Mosque next to the Koshk Jahan Najm, etc., and besides, the Timurid kings had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so after their death, they were not buried in the normal cemeteries of Herat. didand in addition to the Timurid kings, he had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so he did not bury them in the normal cemeteries of Herat after their death.and in addition to the Timurid kings, he had great respect for poets, scholars, and various celebrities, so he did not bury them in the normal cemeteries of Herat after their death.AndFor example, they were not buried in Gazergah Cemetery or Masrukh Cemetery and Darb Khosh Cemetery in Herat, but they built elegant tombs for them, or they were treated with tombs combined with their new architecture. The poets of Tabriz or the construction of the tomb of Abu Ali Sina in Hamadan or the tomb of Atarukhyam in Neishabur and its only cultural model is taken from the Herat culture of the Timurids, and some of them were called Hazira, or others were called Mazar mansions, etc., and the city of Herat is a museum of such famous tombs. and their various architectures, for example, the book "Fi Usaf Madina Herat"On page 86 of his book, he mentions the good tomb of Imam Fakhr Razi in Herat, or on page 36 of his book, he mentions Abdul Hakim's tomb, or on page 151 of his book, he mentions the tomb of Khwaja Mohammad Abbas, or on page 145 of his book, he mentions the anchorage of Amir Ghiyasuddin in Herat. He also mentions Mathar al-Maluk on pages 197, 198, 199, and 222 of his book and Hazira Bibi Mohib or Hazira Amir Sultan Ahmad Choganchi or Hazira Sultan Ahmad Mirza or Hazira Sheikh Bahauddin Muhammad or Hazira Firuzeh Sultan Begum in Herat or on pages Al-Mathar al-Muluk book mentions the tomb of Amir Abd al-Wahed on page 20, or mentions the tomb of Khwaja Ali on page 99 of his book, or mentions the tomb of Zain al-Din Khafi on page 198, or mentions the tomb of Khwaja Tazodar on page 192. Is it that on page 192 of his book he mentions the tomb of Khwaja Rakhband and on page 194 of his book he mentions the tomb of Sadat Masrukh and on page 199 he mentions the dome of the tomb of Amir Sultan Shah or on page 199 of his book he mentions the mansionMazar Khawaja Abdullah Ansari mentions, and on page 191, he mentions the head of Khwaja Abdullah Marghzai's grave, or on page 194, he mentions Chehal Gezi's grave, or on page 194, he mentions the porch of Eid Gah in Herat, and also in his book, on page 337, he mentions the grave of Pir Herat. Or, on page 347, he mentions Hazira Khwaja Jamal al-Din in Sarkhiyaban Herat, or about the building of Eid Gah Herat, and he also quotes p. 1031 of Majamal Fasihi book, and this building of Eid Gah Herat was built by Khwaja Ghiyas al-Din Semnani, the Timurid minister, in the year 809 AH, and he also quotes p. 1131, the same book, the eloquent volume, when Maulana Shamsuddin Muhammad, the Imam of the Sabz Madrasah of Braman, or the famous preacher of the Gohar Shad Mosque, died, and Gohar Shad Khanum ordered to build an elegant tomb for him next to the Angel River in 838 AH, in addition to other elements of Timurid era urban planning. It is either the construction of the royal gardens of Herat or the construction of the palaces inside them, which became the model for the city-building of the Qaraqian, Safavid, and Qajar governments, or it became a culture in the construction of their capitals.Or they copied the model of city planning and neighborhood planning of Herat city, and it should be mentioned that Timur was slow in opening the cities of Asia and wherever he found a skilled architect or a skilled building, for example in Shiraz city or in Kashan or in Semnan and Tabriz. He immediately ordered to collect them and send them to Samarkand, and Klavikho or Ibn Arabshah have mentioned the role of this type of skilled architects in the construction of the new city of Samarkand during the Timur period, that in a short period of 20 days, the old city was destroyed, leveled, or new buildings were built for a The wide street of Samarkand was built and they finished from one side of the city to the other side of the city, which was mentioned on pages 276 and 277 of Klavi's travelogue and was surprising to this European tourist. instead of Samarkand and the capital of the great Timurid empire, so again all these skilled architects or buildersKochande and brought to build the city of Herat, or to build their neighborhoods, or to build palaces and bazaarshahr, or to build schools and mosques in Herat, or to build the rooms of the 12 administrative courts of Herat, or to build houses for 10,000 administrative employees of the new Timurid Empire, or to buildThe home of several thousand soldiers of the great Timurid army was brought or built in Herat city They brought and built new markets, caravanserais, baths, and bridges to that city, and in this regard, the royal gardens of Herat were also formed, which are more luxurious than the royal gardens of Samarkand, which Clavikho saw up close and described in his travelogue, but during these 500 years of history There was no one who wrote or chronicled the philosophy or nature of Herat's gardens, and in addition, all the students of urban planning colleges in Asian countries thought naively and saw the gardens in Herat as the traditional gardens of their cities or as the gardens of their villages. They pretend to be Asians and have such a scientific attitude, so they have not researched the history of the architecture of this city or the philosophy or how the gardens of Herat were formed, why did they come about? So the White Garden of Herat or the Zaghan Garden and the Marghani Garden or the Mokhtar Shahr Garden of Herat are similar to the typical gardens of their Iranian villages, or similar to the gardens of Syria or Turkey. Sultan of Herat, or they refer to the Sultan's School of Herat, or to the Malek Bazaar and Malek Darwaze of Herat, or they have mentioned the aforementioned words sporadically, and although the names of this type of royal gardens of Herat are mentioned in 40 to 50 books compiled during this period, or as a "word" A few words "Vam" have appeared repeatedly, but none of the historical books of the mentioned period have covered the details of the royal gardens of Herat! And only some of these books have a brief or a few-line reference to random events in those gardens of Herat, such as pages 390 to 394 of Hafiz Abro's book Zubdeh al-Tawarikh, who writes in his book: In the year 813 AH and the "White Garden of Herat" Therefore, the collapse of the Asian civilization of Herat happened, and it was like the collapse of the "civilization of the ancient Roman Empire" in Europe, which was fueled by the wild tribes of Gol or the early Germanic tribes or the Visigoths, or the European Vandal tribes and destroyed it, or the magnificent civilization of the city of ancient Rome was destroyed . They plundered and eventually took Europe to the Middle Ages and the destruction of the city of Rome turned into a small and ruined city and the "incipient civilization of Herat" also had a similar fate in Asia. It should have a lifespan of more than 130 to 170 years in the soil of "Asia" and the cultural similarity of the two cities of Herat and the city of Rome is like this, and the two continents of Europe and Asia are similar to each other, but still historians or new city planners have not yet addressed the philosophy of its formation or decline. and although in today's Europe and a number of books aboutThe causes of the decline of Rome "wrote There is still no information about why it happened? Or why the essence of the emerging civilization of Asia, which was developed by the elite class of Asia or with their new administrative organization that had grown or gathered in the city of Herat, and by forming a type of administrative organization and a new culture and Asian civilization, but in this Asian city And they did not reach their final result, can their organization change the rest of the agricultural towns in Asia, or lead their early settlements to the new civilization they wanted in the past 700 years, or change the system of division of labor among them, or change their professional growth? But with all their good administrative organization, they finally faced failure? Or why their administrative structure, culture and efficiency or their new and 170-year-old urban development did not succeed in this Asian city? Or why did it fall into the hands of the Asian herding sheep tribes, or did they collapse with the ridiculous ideologies of the leaders of the same tribes, that Asian civilization is nothing but sheep grazing and They didn't know the mountains of Anatolia and Syria, or they didn't grow anything more in the steppes of Altai, or was the choice of the geographical location of the city of Herat for their capital unfortunate? And was it not effective for the location of the capital of the civilized Asian Timurid Turks? Or was it not effective for the advanced working class, or was their choice of capital a political-administrative mistake or not? If so, maybe if they had chosen another Asian city as their capital and they would not have found such a deterioration? Also, doesn't their new civilization or administrative system and culture last longer? And while their advanced cultural-administrative system of 700 years ago was unmatched and such an administrative organization was not known even among the peoples of the other 4 continents of the world, Europe or Will America or the inhabitants of Australia be more advanced than Asia? And these are different philosophical questions that writing "a book called "causes of the greatness and decline of Herat" Instead of the book "The Causes of the Greatness and Decline of Rome", it is requested that the author of the book investigates the causes of the greatness or decline of the two Asian empires, the Timurids, or the Empire of the ancient Roman Europe? And maybe the geographical astrology of these two cities is hidden in the search for the aforementioned philosophy? And maybe "geographical anthropologists" can give appropriate answers to those questions