ایران شناسی - قوم شناسی - جامعه شناسی

1. Neyshabur and the urban developments of its Shadiakh neighborhood

From Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam

Specialization: urban sociologist

It has been mentioned in many historical documents, so it is more famous than the city of Neishabur itself, and besides, the fame of Neishabur is only because of some of its poets, such as Khayyam Neishaburi or Attar Neishaburi, etc., or because of some historical authors, such as "Zahiruddin Neishaburi", who is the author Is it the history of the Seljuks or is it because of the life of Imam Mohammad Ghazali in Neishabur that made this city famous in history without the history of the events or historical developments of that city being known to everyone? And for this reason, I have tried to write down the history of this city by relying on the documents of hundreds of historical books! Is it possible that he is the author of the history of the Seljuks or is it because of the life of Imam Muhammad Ghazali in Neishabur that made this city famous in history without the fact that the course of events or historical developments of that city is known to everyone? And for this reason, I have tried to write down the history of this city by relying on the documents of hundreds of historical books! Is it possible that he is the author of the history of the Seljuks or is it because of the life of Imam Muhammad Ghazali in Neishabur that made this city famous in history without the fact that the course of events or historical developments of that city is known to everyone? And for this reason, I have tried to write down the history of this city by relying on the documents of hundreds of historical books!

Yazd Gerd, the third and last Sassanid king, who was retreating against the Arabs, and the Sassanid fortress, did not see Neishabur as a strong place to defend himself against the Arabs, and for this reason, he called him "Nyshabur's sidekick and ruler", or after giving his daughter to Yazd Gerd, he advised him. He decided to go to another strong castle in Khorasan! And he did the same and went to the city and was killed there and the Sassanid government ended. In addition, on page 1426 of the same book of Sassanid political history, it shows that after the conquest of Neishabur, the Arabs paid an annual ransom of 1,000,000 dirhams to the villagers of the villages on the outskirts of Neishabur. Among other historical books, such as pages 46 and 47 of the book "History of the Prophets and Kings" by Hamza Esfahani, which refers to the construction of Neishabur and by Shapur! Or "Balami's History" also mentions Nishabur before the Islamic period on pages 239 and 670, as well as the book "Tarikh al-Rasl al-Maluk" Tabari also mentions in a few lines on pages 128 and 132 how he established Shapur and the city of Nishabur. Or how "Sasanian Qabad" near Nishabur and captured a farmer's daughter? In addition, the book "Akhbar al-Tawwal" also mentions the passage of Alexander the Great through the Neishabur region on page 63 of his book, and also on pages 191 and 402 of the book "Akhbar al-Tawwal" and in a few lines, he mentions the events of Neishabur, and in addition, the book "Majam al-Buldan" also mentions this on page 74 of his book. says that "Abarshahr" is the ancient name of the city of Neyshabur, and the book "Alag Al-Nafisa" They put him as the first ruler of Neyshabur, and in addition, pages 159, 169, and 170 of the book Fatuh al-Buldan refer to how Neyshabur was conquered, and mentions that some Arab soldiers, such as Ibn Khazem and Kirbin Wasakh, participated in the attack on Neyshabur, and also according to page 169 of the same book, Fatuh al-Buldan, after The conquest of Neishabur and its villages and a dispute arose between two groups of Arabs, the first group was 6 thousand people and the second group was also 15 thousand people, or they were divided over the spoils from the tax of Neishabur, and they were arrested by the military, and finally it was decided that the central government and the Caliphate and to solve the problem and They should ask for Khorasan! It is also quoted on page 201 of the book "History of the Ghaznavids" authored by "Basurith" who writes: And at that time there was a fire temple in Nishabur which was destroyed later! And also other historical documents show that Arabs used to be in the two "Kufah Garrison" and "Basra Garrison" Nishabur mentions that they were Arabs, and in addition to other historical books, they also mention "Mahalat Hira" and "Mahleh Jornishabur" that they were Arabs, and just like p. 170 of Fatuh al-Baldan book, and several Persian and Zoroastrian neighborhoods in the year 31 Hijri of the Sassanid era and at the time of the conquest. The Arabs mention a holy place and on page 462 of his book Ahsan al-Taqasim, in the year 375 AH or during the Samanid era, he mentioned 50 neighborhoods of Nishabur and he writes that 8 neighborhoods of that city are Vairani residents! Vastakhari, who died in 346 and before his death, wrote his book Al-Masalak and Mamalek, or on pages 204 and 205 of his book, he wrote about the characteristics of the city of Neishabur during the Samani period, and wrote: also from "flower"

In addition, there is a sacred report about the "city structure" of Neyshabur a few years after Istakhari in the book of Ahsan al-Taqasim, or it was in the year 375 AH, which is the period of the seventh king of the Samanid period, and it describes the important points of Neyshabur. He himself knows as follows, so he writes in his book that: the area of ​​Neishabur in this historical period is one farsakh in one farsakh, which has a moat and four gates, but he does not mention the names of the gates of Neishabur, and the only book on the history of Beyhaqi, on page 350 of his book, and the name of one One of the gates of Neyshabur is known as "Dar Vazeri" and the book of Masalak and Mamluk also mentions several other gates of Neyshabur in this historical period, which were mentioned earlier, and Moghadsi adds on page 462 of his book: "Vakhandej Neyshabor in this historical period and two The other gate was behind it, and one of its doors was connected to the town through a special corridor and over the moat, and the other door opened to Kohandjem and Nishaboro Rabad!Venice writes that Neyshabor has 50 koi and also lists the names of some of the koi of Neyshabor in this historical period, which include: 1- Koi Jiq Neyshabor 2- Koi Khoshnan Neyshabor 3- Koi Bard Neyshabor 4- Koi Manshik Neyshabor 5- Koi Qbab Neyshabor 6- Koi Fars Neyshabur 7- Koi exit Neyshabor and 8- Koi Eswar Kariznishabor and also a sacred place that every alley has a "door" to the moat and "Masjid Jame Neyshabor" is also in the lower part of the city and next to the bazaar or with 6 courtyards. The minbar of the mosque is built by Abu Muslim of Khorasani, and the wooden walls and other parts were built by Amr Leith Safari with brick pillars, and it is round, and there are three porticoes around the mosque, and it has eleven doors! Although Neyshabur is an important region, it does not have a beautiful market, and there are no good restaurants in it, and its people have terrible prejudices and unappreciated enmities!And they follow every sound, and Moghadisi also mentions on page 461 of his book about "Mahalat Hire Neishabur" and "Mahalat Jor" and "Mahalat Manshik Neishabur" and also on pages 156 and 157 of his book "Mahalat Balqawai Neishabur" and He mentions "Bab Mamor" neighborhood of Neishabur, "Hira neighborhood of Neishabur" and "Bazar of Perfume Sellers of Neishabur" and in addition, p. 218 of Beyhaqi's history also mentions "the neighborhood of Koi Zanbil Bafan Neishabur" and in the same Ghaznavid period, and also on p. 391 of Beyhaqi's book, he also mentions " He mentions "Balqaabad neighborhood" and "Hira neighborhood of Neishabur" during the Ghaznavid period of Neishabur and also writes that during the period of Sultan Masoud of Ghaznavi and in the year 425 AH, there was a flood between two "Hira neighborhood" and "Balqa Abad neighborhood".Neyshabur used to come and make trouble. Sultan Masoud of Ghaznavi and Vanheri built Neyshabur with baked clay between the two aforementioned neighborhoods. Also, on page 161 of the book "The History of the Ghaznavids", Bosworth Vedder writes about the "Hire neighborhood of Neishabor" that: From the name "Hire neighborhood" of Neyshabor, it can be seen that "the city It had a "garrison" and also part of the population of Pisheh Varani was from the groups of hatters, leather makers, weavers, fabric weavers, and weavers, who lived in the "neighborhood of Zanbil weavers and others in Neyshabur", as well as Bosworth and on page 174 of the Ghaznavid History book and the "Turkan neighborhood" or "Olad al-Turk neighborhood" Ghaznavid's Nishabordoora mentions that it probably belonged to Turkish tribes who were in Ghaznavid's army, as well as the history of Ghaznavids and the "Bazaar of the Kermanites residing in Neyshabur".The Ghaznavid period is mentioned, and also the book of Bayhaqi also mentions the Ghaznavid Bazaar of Khawaze Nishabur during the Ghaznavid period, as well as the history of the Ghaznavids and several important dynasties of Nishaboro, the names of the Mohtsham families, the names of the Mikali family or the Tebani family, the Saedian family, the Sabunian family, the Barghoshi family, the Alavi Naqiban family or the Karami family, etc. He mentions that they were residents of Neishabur during the Ghaznavid era, he mentions that they had important positions, but he does not write in "which neighborhood of Neishabur" they lived in, and probably most of their homes were in the "neighbourhood of nobles of Shadikh Neishabur" It is before the Ghaznavids and related to the end of the Samanid era, and he mentioned the urban problems of Neyshabur in the Samanid era, and in his book Ahsan al-Taqasim, he writes:The mosques of Neyshabur during the mentioned historical period are not clean, or its streets are dirty, or the khans (that is, its caravanserais) are cracked, its garages are dirty, the shops are bad, and the walls are dilapidated. It is a sacred report that, unlike the houses of Neyshabor today, its houses are built with durable brick materials or from They are cement and iron, and this holy report shows that Neishabur was a damaged desert city in the holy era and Al-Samanian period with its 50 neighborhoods, or the city of Neishabur was a desert city with mud houses and was like other desert settlements.It was a desert tooIt was a desert too His house was made of mud and clay, so there were no wooden beams used in the roofs of the houses, and they only had dome roofs with raw clay in the desert style, and a few houses of Neyshabur and Haayani houses were strong, which were destroyed due to natural disasters or frequent snow and rain. Do not be subject to damage or fall due to frequent earthquakes! In addition, it is not like the adobe houses of Yazd and Kashan, which are made of sticky red mud, so it has smooth walls or more strength! Moreover, the houses of Neyshabur were made of low-quality materials and were especially vulnerable to earthquakes, or they were not like the houses of Jerusalem, Syria, Aleppo, and Lebanon, which were made of solid stones, and the sanctity and urban development of the aforementioned land were seen and compared closely. and describes it like this! And therefore, this type of house construction in the desert model of Neyshabur during the Samani era, especially in earthquakes, causes a lot of damage! And he moved his capital from the city of Merv to the city of Baghdad, and gave the governorship of Khorasan, Merv, and Vanishabur to Tahir Dzwaliminin, who had a completely Arab army, or was one of the military commanders of Mamun Abbasi, and at the same time, he was also the military governor of Baghdad and the "Sherta of Baghdad"! After the death of Tahir Zulaiminin in the year 206 AH, the administration of the cities of Merv, Tus, and Vanishabur, etc. was given to the children of Tahir bin Hussain Zulaiminin, who for 53 years ruled the city of Neishaburra or its suburbs in Khorasan with their Arab army! That is, from the year 206 259 that "Nishabur" fell into the hands of Yaqub Laith Safari, or according to page 205 of the book "History of the Prophets and Kings" which writes: "Vasher"

1. Vanishabur changed its military structure during the Ghaznavid period, and the Ghaznavids, who had a lot of Turks or other ethnic groups in their army, after dominating Neishabur, tried to make Neishabur out of the form of a military structure and turn it into an important administrative city! The administration of Ghaznavids was also in "Shadyakh" and with the formation of the Seljuk government and for 10 to 15 years, the beginning of the Seljuk government was Venishabur or the neighborhood of Shadyakh and the center of their power, but soon they moved their capital from Neishabur to Isfahan and only Neishabur became an important educational or popular city. They converted their Shafi'i jurisprudence by establishing several schools or military schools of Nishabur and its library, and the hospital of Nishabur and the observatory of Khayyam Nishabur, which increased the number of scholars and scribes of Nishabur by compiling the glorious calendar of King Seljuq.

In different books, they have mentioned or they have mentioned from the Taherian era to the Timurian era! Among them is page 161 of Bosworth's book History of the Ghaznavids, which refers to the "neighborhood of Shadiakh Neishabur" in the year 605 AH and after its reconstruction after the earthquake, or during the Mongol attack, as well as Clavikho, who passed through Neishabur in 807, and on pages 188 to 190 of his travelogue. He talks about being a guest in Neyshabur, and he also mentions the famous doctors of Neyshabur, but he does not mention the "body of urban development of Neyshabur", and the English traveler Fraser, who passed through Neyshabur during the Qajar era, writes about the area of ​​Neyshabur: All the villages around Neyshabur And they have quadrangular castles that are half ruined and towers in the corners to protect the inhabitants of the said villages from the invaders! Shadyakh Neishabur and the rest surrounded their neighborhoods with a wall! Also, in the following years, Neishabur's settlements were destroyed during the attack of Sarbadaran on Neishabur, and it was damaged by Timur's attack on that city, and after the death of Nader Shah Afshar, who had many defectors in Neishabur and his army, Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan also conquered Vanishabur and appointed Shahzade Abbasqoli Khan to rule there, and probably The current facilities of Shahrneishabur or its neighborhoods are only after the Qajar period that the urban structure has been restructured!

It is also necessary to remember that: Neishabor is located in a dry area, and to the north of it is the city and the "high mountains of Binaloud", which are relatively high, but the watershed valleys of that mountain do not flow towards Neishabor, to the south of which there is a desert and only A small river named "Saghavar River" goes towards Neishabur! And in the past, it was responsible for the drinking of "neshabor neighborhoods" and then in the south of Neishabur, it flowed into the desert lands and dry oases, where some gardens were located, but the water of "Shagharoud" was not enough for the drinking water of the city of Neishabur! Therefore, in the historical past, a number of aqueducts were dug in the city to drink water, and the Ghaznavid History book, on page 157, mentions 8 Nishabur aqueducts during the Ghaznavid period, which include: A-Qanat of Abu Umar, 2- Qanat of Walkhaf, 3- Qanat of Upper Hamriya, 4- Qanat of Jahm, 5- Qanat Sahl Tashin 6- Qanat Suvar 7- Qanat "Mohalleh Shadikh" The administrative, literary, and mystical culture of Iranians is also the same and mostly originates from "Nishabur"! Also, citing page 114 of Beyhaqi's book, he is "the founder of expressive and interesting Iranian literature" and originates from this historical period, and in addition, on page 114 of his book, he writes that in 421 AH, the Ghaznavid treasury was in the "Shadyakh Garden" which was located in Rabd Shahr and It was south of Neishabur, and it also mentions that the Shadyakh garden was enclosed in the "Shadyakh Castle", and other historical documents also show that in the Shadyakh neighborhood, apart from Hasnak Vazir's Palace, there were several other palaces, such as "Barghoshi Palace" or "Abu Nasr Palace". Mishkani, who was one of the governors of the Ghaznavid era, and besides, as quoted on p. 352, Vanishabur, and during the Ghaznavid period, he had an office called "Sharguneh Neishabur Administration", and in addition, he was the author of the book Beyhaqi, who trained a large group of writers with military knowledge of Neishabur, from "Abadi Beyhaq" And in the suburbs of Nishaburbudo, "Bayhaqi the Minister" or the writer is also from that sentence, and "Bayhaqi School" had its own way in the city of Neishabur, some of them were from the village of Tous, who had studied in the Nizamiya of Neyshabur and other schools, and later became "teachers of the Nizamiya of Baghdad"! And Ari p. 352 of the Book of Beyhaqi adds that until the time of Sultan Masoud of Ghaznavi, there was no "Midan" and "Dar Gah" in Shadiakh Neishabur! And Sultan Masoud of Ghaznavi made various types of "Saraiche" and "Midans" in Neishabur, and he also did it several times during his reign. "And he had come to the government building of Shadikh Neishabur and stayed there, so the word "Shadikh" is mostly found in Beyhaqi's book, but it is mentioned less in other historical books, and other historical sources also mention that Tughrel Seljuq after the conquest Neishabur was Neishabur for 40 days. Vaya was crowned there and also in that garden, and he ordered Umid al-Mulk Kandari or the scribes under him to create a "type of administrative system" for the "nascent Seljuk government" and "Kandar" was also a village from the countryside of Neishabur, and the book "Athar al-Blad" authored by It is the Seljuk period, and on page 236 of his book, he writes: The Ughrans left the Turks in 548 and opposed Sultan Sanjar and rushed to Neishabur, burning the entire city, and some of the inhabitants who were saved moved to the city of Shadyakh, and it was not long before Shadyakh was destroyed The first Neishabur became more beautiful and inhabited, but the ruins of the old Neishabur became a place for animals! Although historical books such as "Zahir al-Din Nishaburi" and "Katab Raha al-Sudor" and "Vankhba al-Asra" have references to "Nishabur" in the Seljuk era, but their references are few and the only book is "News of Seljuk Princes and Kings".

It was also the residences of the Mikali families, the Barghoshi family, Bunnasr Meshkan, Amid Khorasani, etc., and in the said Shadikh neighborhood, most of them were important judges or preachers of the Ghaznavid, Seljuk, and Khwarazmshahi eras, and also according to p. 520 of the Seljuk Beyhaqi and Taghral books, when they entered Neishabur and the "Khormak Garden" of Neishabur He stayed with three thousand horsemen in "Shadyakh Garden" in the year 430 Hijri, or he stayed for 40 days, according to p. 572 of Beyhaqi's book, it was located next to Shadyakh Garden and Mohammad Abad Nishabur, which "Abu Nasr Meshkani" and "Sarai" Some of the nobles of the Ghaznavid period had built a palace there and around the "Shadyakh Bagh"! Also, in the Ghaznavid period, "Abul Qasim Khazani Garden" is mentioned in that area (source p. 350 of Beyhaqi's history) and also on page 567 of Beyhaqi's history, "Sarai Sanjad" is mentioned in the Toghral period, and also according to p. 572 of the same book open " Imam al-Haramin, who was the head of the Nizamieh of Neishabur, was from the city of Jawin near Neishabur, and had migrated to Mecca and Madinah for a while, and taught in those two holy shrines. Later, he was invited by Nizam al-Mulk to the Nizamieh of Neishabur, and he was given the headship of the school. And for 22 years, he taught continuously in the Nizamiya of Neishabur, and it should be said that during the period of Ghaznavids and the training of judges in the city of Havia, the sermons of the mosques were also conducted with the Hanafi jurisprudence in Neishabur, which combined the authority of the Caliph or the Ghaznavid kings with each other in the cities of Iran and preached Do it! But Nizam al-Mulk advised the Seljuk king to "establish the new government of the Seljuks and against the authority of the Abbasid caliph to build the military school of Neishabur, and also to "stabilize the bureaucracy of the Seljuks" and against the bureaucracy of the caliph, he should build 16 military schools with Sha Fa'i jurisprudence. The most important of which is in the city of Neishabur. And Ghlam or the general of Sultan Sanjar, and in order to extinguish the mentioned sedition, he took a promise to Neishabur and killed him, and the book Raha al-Sadour of the Seljuk period, on pages 180 and 182 of his book, refers to this tragic incident of Neishabur and he writes that: Muyed O Abe in this incident to He went to "Shadyakh", which was the palace of the Sultan and had an old history, and started to settle it, and the residents whose houses and shops had been burned or destroyed, went to "Shadyakh", and about three years later, "Shadyakh neighborhood" was completely settled. "The Mongols' conspiracy" was caught in 618 AH! And as Kamel Ibn Athir writes, Vanishabur had 25 Shafi'i and Hanafi schools during the Seljuq period, and also according to page 162 of Majamal Fasihi and the Arabs also built a mosque called "Hani Mosque" in Neishabur during their rule, which existed until the mentioned period, and another "Aqeel Mosque" in Neishabur. "

Also, from the point of view of political history, it should be added that after Abdullah bin Amer came to Neishabur, which happened in 31 Hijri, and he opened Neishabur belonging to the Sassanid era, verse 159 of Fatuh al-Badaan refers to that issue, and also pages 59 and 60 of the book "Ya'qubi History" He has mentioned that Abdullah bin Khazem Salmi and Abdullah bin Amer and two of them opened Nishabur and also according to page 192 of the book "Ya'qubi History" he sent Wizid bin Mu'awiya and "Abdullah Khazem" to Nishabur and in addition, he quoted pages 255 and 256 of Yaqoubi History and the period of Suleiman. Ibn Abd al-Malik Umayyad "and his ruler went from Gorgan to Nishabur, and also during the period of "Walid bin Yazid Umayyad" and "Umar bin Zarara Qasri" and "Amel Nishabur" was from the Bani Umayyad family, which is mentioned on page 306 of Yaqoubi history, and also in 132 Hijri year and Abu Muslim of Khorasani and in favor of the Safah Abbasi family and the city of Nishabur by the "Umayyad Governor"So he built the Grand Mosque and Daralamare of Neishabur on that date, and also when Mansoor Abbasi killed Abu Muslim in Baghdad and quoted p. 356 of "Yaqubi History" and supporters of Sinbad, who were among the Magi who were supporters of Abu Muslim of Khorasani, rose up in the city of Neishabur, but the Arabs supported the Abbasid family and supporters. They defeated Sinbad Rao, and in addition, according to the pages 232 and 233 of the history of Fakhri and the rebellion of the Sanbadis, about 60,000 Sanbadis were killed, and after the aforementioned suppression, the white supporters of Jamgan were still in favor of Sanbad and Neishabur, but later Mamun Abbasi and the Taherian family dominated Neishabur, which They were the commanders of his army, and the Tahirians ruled Neishabur from 206 to 259, and in 259 AH, Neishabur fell into the hands of Yaqub Leith Safari, and for a while it was in the hands of Amr Leith Safari, but during the era of the Safariians and "Ahmed bin Abdullah Khojastani"who was a supporter of the Tahirians and rose up against Amro bin Laith and dominated the city, and after that, Abdullah bin Harthama and the Arab generals conquered Neishabur for a while, and from the year 287 the governor of the year 389 AH and several commanders of the Samanid army ruled Barnishabur, which was like Amir Muhammad. There were either Amir Abu Ali Chaghani or Amir Fayeq and Amir Bektuzun and others who ruled in "Daralamareh Shadikh" in Neishabur and Khorasan, and they had the administrative courts of Khorasan or taxation in their hands and in the courts of Shadikh, whose administrative model was "Balami Wazir" or "Jihani Wazir Samani" "They gave, and with the permission of the caliph, they built the neighborhood of Shadyakh and Dar al-Zarb in Neishabur, and for 101 years during the Samanid period, they conducted the economic administration of Khorasan and Vesistan, and after 389, 429 AH, the governorship of Vanishabur fell into the hands of the Ghaznavids, and it is during this historical period that the administrative courts" Shadiakh Neishabur neighborhoodHe studied a lot or gained deep experiences and trained a large number of administrative scribes and after the war of Dandanghan, and according to page 522 of the book "Iran after Islam" by Mrs. Lambton and Taghrel Seljuqi, he came to Neishabur and used those scribes, or from the year 429, 562 Hijri, and the Seljuks. Burnishabur ruled and turned it into a cultural-administrative city, and later, from 562 AH onwards, Neishabur fell into the hands of the Khwarazmshahs, whose book "Sirt Minkbarni"Nesvi Vajhangshai Jovini refers to it, and he died in the year 596 of the War of Khwarezmshahi between Khwarazm and Vanishabur. In addition, at the end of the Khwarezmshahi period, the Ghurians of Herat and in the following years defeated Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah and took Vanishabur from him, but when the Mongols attacked the capital of Khwarazm and Sultan Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah came to Neishabur in 617 AH, but the Mongols destroyed Vanishabur in 618 AH, according to Rouza al-Safa, and during the Ilkhani period, Vanishabur was ruined and half-destroyed, and until the end of the reign of the Ilkhanids and the Sarbadars of Sabzevar, they attacked it and took Vanishabur, but Timur Lang He defeated them and took back Vanishabur. There was little civil and economic life in Neishabur during the Timurid era, but in the early Safavid era, Vanishabur was repeatedly invaded by the Uzbeks until Shah Abbas settled the Safavids and a part of the Bayat Turks in the area of ​​Neishabur, in front of the Uzbeks. and during Nader Shah's period"Bayats of Nishabur" were in Nader's army, which are mentioned in the book Alam Aare Nadiri Vajhangsha Nadiri, but after the murder of Nader Shah, Nishabur again fell into the hands of Ahmad Khan Durrani of Afghanistan, and a part of Afaghaneh settled in that city, and the new buildings of Nishabur and most of the buildings built in the era They are Qajar and Pahlavi, and I have also compiled a complete research on the history of Neishabur from the Sassanid era to the end of the Pahlavi era in about 250 pages. He is one of the writers of Neishabur who left a deep impact on the "Cultural System of Iranians".There were Naders in the army, which are mentioned in the book Alam Ara Naderi Vajhangasha Naderi, but after the murder of Nader Shah, Nishabur again fell into the hands of Ahmad Khan Durrani of Afghanistan, and a part of Afaghaneh settled in that city, and the new buildings of Nishabur and most of the buildings were built in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. I have compiled a complete research on the history of Neyshabur from the Sassanid era to the end of the Pahlavi era and about 250 pages. May they have left a deep impact on the "Cultural System of Iranians".There were Naders in the army, which are mentioned in the book Alam Ara Naderi Vajhangasha Naderi, but after the murder of Nader Shah, Nishabur again fell into the hands of Ahmad Khan Durrani of Afghanistan, and a part of Afaghaneh settled in that city, and the new buildings of Nishabur and most of the buildings were built in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. I have compiled a complete research on the history of Neyshabur from the Sassanid era to the end of the Pahlavi era and about 250 pages. May they have left a deep impact on the "Cultural System of Iranians".They have left a deep impressionThey have left a deep impression