ایران شناسی - قوم شناسی - جامعه شناسی

Sa'in Qala Zanjan and the pressures of its gorge

(The central fortress of Il Afshar Kochroi route)

part2

From Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam

Specialization in Ethnology from University of Tehran

It was not there, and therefore he had mixed the culture of "politics and land ownership" together, which is one of the characteristics of the education of an Afshari khan who inherited from his predecessors, or in the past 1000 years of Iran, he had shown himself to be culturally adaptable, and it was these characteristics or the special system of education of the Khans that The performance of an "Afshari Khan" and a "Qajari Khan" differed in that the special role of his character was different from the "training of the character of a simple subject" which was necessary for a social system and its continuation, and in that case "assigned roles" or "role" According to the researchers, "that society would have been realized, and if it were not for their ethnic practice, it would have been messed up with the character and practice of the corrupt Qajar khans of Zanjan and the conditions of the region! And because the way of education of the 43 Qajar khans of Zanjan was chaotic, or the characteristics of Fatalishah's descendants in Zanjan and the way that There was no way they could establish the security of the city or the security of the province or the security of agricultural production or the security of the roads of the province!! And even the generals of the Russian army or the British army could not and they had many forces or people or weapons in Zanjan for many years, but from providing this The type of political goals were impossible!And for this reason, at the end of Ahmad Shah's government or at the end of the First World War or the famine caused by it, the economic prosperity of the province was in such a state of disarray that all of them, despite their inner desire, were forced to punish him for four years instead of the Qajar rulers and rulers, or from 1334 and 1339 so that the security of Iran or Zanjan is maintained or it does not fall apart at the end of the turbulent era of Ahmad Shah! Finally, two Russian and British ambassadors or two generals of their army were terrified of his authority, and Balatov and the commander of the Russian army confiscated about 1000 guns and five arrows from Jahanshah Afshar's men during an incident, and the commander of the British army also agreed that they had landed in Zanjan. Either the military forces were stationed outside the city of Zanjan, or the British planes were constantly coming to that airport, but the British ambassador also confiscated a number of weapons and only agreed to return only 250 weapons, or take them from the Russians and give them to Jahanshah Afshar again so that he could With the help of his small arms and the regional military power of Zanjan, the two Russian and British ambassadors were afraid of him and finally put pressure on Reza Khan Pahlavi and said that in order to prevent their authority from falling apart inside Iran and by the same Jahanshah Afshar, and therefore to Reza Shah They emphasized that he should be deported to Najaf!And in 1307, his old son Vayam died in Najaf and his second son, who survived after his father's death, but he had seen the performance of Reza Shah and the Russians and the British with his father, or he had seen the process of killing the son of Farmanfarma Waqtal Khan Bozor Bakhtiari, or during the period of Reza Shah He had seen or heard that he humbly agreed to build a school in "Krasaf" and named it as Sohrvardi School, and probably Pahlavi High School, which is the first high school in Zanjan, and was established in 1312, and today it is called Dr. Shariati High School, and during the four years of his rule in Zanjan It was his house, or the new architectural house of Muhammad Hassan Khan Afsharou is in Zanjan, and in addition, there is a model of his house in Kersaf, or there was a large aqueduct flowing in that building, where the people of Zanjan drank its water for years, or there was a big garden in it. Below the Rasht gate of Zanjan and Nazir, there were 15 other khans of Zanjan, which continued to the laundry room, and after his death, fearing for his son, they confiscated the Pahlavi estates, which were the same Qajar families, or they confiscated it through administrative tricks, or they cut his big garden in Zanjan into pieces. And each of them built a house for themselves in that fragmented garden, and they created the same kind of disaster on the Khanin Angoran garden and on the other side of the Rasht gate, or they did something that was done in the Zanjan urban land administration of the Pahlavi era or in the Pahlavi era's document registration, and the document is called They wrote it themselves, or it was the document in the name of their immigrant families from other cities of Iran that they registered, and in addition, his village had 400 villages in the arable land administration, and the Zanjan Agricultural Bank was a former Russian lending bank, or with the introduction of the British and American land reform plan in In January 1341, he and Muhammad Hassan Khan Afshar and Faru Tananeh attended the office of Mr. Ardabili's land registry office in the current Imam Square of Zanjan and handed over the villages inherited from his father to the farmers of Zanjan with his own signature and the rest of his family members did the same. In the presence of Mr. Zand, who was also the head of the Zanjan Land Reforms Department or Pahlavi High School, it was registered to be handed over to the chiefs of Kedar and others, but after the signing of the handover of his villages, Farrand Jahanshah and Mahshoud Khan Afsharut were given to Pahlavi by Savak, and some of his villages were also donated to the University of Tehran. I don't know what the Qur'anic meaning of owning land or real estate and endowment or handing over to deprived farmers? Instead of handing over to the deprived villages of Kedar, etc., and those villages, the endowment of the University of Tehran or Sepahsalar School of Tehran has been done. Is it obligatory to give waqf to the villages of Kedar, or is it obligatory to give it to the unfortunate workers of Afshari, the same Kedar? Or is it necessary to show the benefits of that endowment and for the prosperity and development of the region? Or is it obligatory for the poor and unfortunate villagers of Kedar, Jajas, and Sahrvard? And the interpretation is with the professors of Tehran University, who show interest in Suhrvardi or his philosophical school in order to secure their rights and income from the endowment lands of Kedar or Suhrvard? Or will they participate in the Zanjan Sehrvardi seminar or in the Gangreh Sejas Shana Zanjan? Therefore, by writing this content, I only want to teach a historical lesson to the people of Majarjo province, and I do not want to arouse the ethnicism of the people of Zanjan province so that they suffer from the past troubles, but my goal is to remember It is a bitter part of the historical events of their past that this Turkic people of GhazDuring the last 1000 years, Iran has been subjected to Seljuq and oppression, either they have lost their property, or other Iranian tribes have captured them, or they have been easily taken out of their grip, or others have destroyed the city of Zanjan many times under various pretexts. have done! Or have they been taken or taken out of their hands by the ice web and various rulers of Zandiyeh and Qajariyah with the slogans of smart people and property and wealth and they laugh at them and they do not even send mercy to Nader Shah for liberating the land of the people of Iran? Will he give them back the many sacrifices and efforts? Rather, in all Iranian letters, he said to Nader Shah Afsharbad and Virah, either they are cursing the end of his life in 1160 Hijri, or they are calling him a power-seeking king. Did he want to take all the properties of Iran into his own ownership? In addition to Nader Shah, they are also pessimistic about the people of Zanjan and the rest of the Afshar tribe, so all the Iranian tribes want to take Nader Shah's revenge only from the people of Zanjan during the Qajar period, and for this reason, they sent Hasan Ali Khan Grossi, who had served in London, or they said Shah Qajar, and this Khan Grossi He sent and killed three thousand women and children of Afshar tribe in Zanjan and in Alimardan Khan Afshar Zanjan castle where they had taken shelter or sent 30 regiments of artillery from different cities to Zanjan and in addition to Alimardan castle in Afshar and all the houses of Zanjan people. Within 11 months, they want to destroy it, or Shah Qaja Roya, who claims the Shiite religion, or Majdal-Dula, the uncle of Naser al-Din Shah, or the ruler of Zanjan, and Hasan Ali Kha Negrosi, who is a Sunni, wants to come to Zanjan and kill at least 23,000 inhabitants of Zanjan, or throw the bodies of his daughters in a ditch south of the city. If it rains, or they keep Voznjan in ruins for 50 years, or the city of Kedar was not considered a city until 1348, and it was left as a ruin, or Sahrord, Vesjas, and the surrounding areas of Abhar were also destroyed, and Varshad did not have a city, but today everyone curses Nader Shah Afshar or Jahanshah Afshar or attributing oppression to his subjects and the only endowment income of his villages and instead of giving it to the same poor subjects and villagers in Kedar and to some rich people of the Pahlavi era or the Qajar era! All of them were from other cities in Iran? Or will the income of the same villagers be confiscated and instead of educating the children of Khan Kedar village, will it be spent on the endowment of rich professors of Tehran University? Or will it be spent on the teachers of Sepahsalaro school next to the parliament? They are not the ones who fight only for the interests of other small Iranian tribes, or in this way have all kinds of violent conflicts with the Mongol people and get no results in return, or the conflict with the Byzantine Christian civilization, which has shown courage and others take its fruits, or the conflict with the violent Ottoman civilization is like this. ? Or the bloody conflict with the Uzbek tribes during the Safavid period, or the conflict with the violent Afghanistan and the rescue of Isfahan during the Afshariya period, or the conflict with the cunning civilization of England, or the conflict with the Russian army and the Iran-Russian wars, where only the inhabitants of Khamsa went and died, and only the same tribes benefited from it. The profiteers of other Iranians won, or the clever stratification of those tribes won, and the only loss was tasted by the adventurous Turks of Great Azerbaijan!Therefore, today they should learn a lesson and sit down and think or think wisely like others and defend their special regional interests so that they do not become usurped like the past 1000 years when their properties or properties or their cities and villages are destroyed or their properties are destroyed like the smart government of England. taken and given to others, or taken by the Mongol government and not benefited from it, or taken from them by the Ottoman government, and their agricultural lands be undecided for 230 years, or given to small and colorful Iranian tribes, and then they themselves too, and ridiculed by other historians, or by the people The writers of the same small tribes should be ridiculed? Yes, only thinking and thinking about the economic development and their own region or their own region is better than thoughtless adventure, so they should think about the land and residence of the thousand-year-old Seljuk, and the raw or new writers of the mentioned cities too. And learn to preserve their ethnic politics well! Avoid writing public or undocumented material and about the history of their cities or localities in order to avoid the livelihood of the youth of their region and their neighbors! And think of bitter experiences Avoid yours! Or just thinking about their intentions! And don't risk doing anything that their writings will cause the intelligent strata and the geography of their lives to be questioned , or the durability of their jobs and professions and agricultural and urban income will be taken out of their grasp and the share of the few strata of others. They will do it, and then they will put themselves in the hands of the corrupt Qajar tribe or other smart tribes of today, and they will also take the village of Zanjan province in 1300 with the secret support of England, except for the lands of the Qajar dynasty, or they will give it to the families of Hedayat Elah Khan Gilani, who rely on the corrupt Qajar family and make various claims. As for the villages of Gilanksheh or Gilvan Tarem, or the Kakavand family of Il Mafi or Nizam al-Sultaneh, Freemason Mafi and other provinces, some of whom were involved in the attack on the villages and Afshar-inhabited areas of North Khorramdara, or the Zarang families of Isfahani, Vizdi, or Amarloi of Qochan, will have the traditional market trade. They had seized Zanjan, or it should be spent on non-native families of the city, and they would only take agricultural tax from the villagers of Zanjan countryside, and on the contrary, spend its income on the development of other cities. The meaning of the land survey of the Qajar period or the Pahlavi era is so vulgar, but it is accompanied by the arrogance of smart people. Or it is accompanied by the fake document creation of the smart strata in Zanjan, that some smart people and their illegal wealth accumulation lead to the establishment of a private hospital in Zanjan, but because they are non-native, and in the same private hospital, the blood of the city's people is diverted to urban treatment. They don't have any ideas, so its establishment in Zanjan is not beneficial to the current state of the city's inhabitants, whether it is the case of establishing clinics or private doctors' buildings, whether it is the case of taking a share of the province's endowments, or the establishment of private arcades or the income of traditional caravanserais, or the establishment of restaurants. Traditional or established private school? And such incidents of unjustified ethnic ownership happen, and while in the old days there was a "reasonable thesis" and each tribe respected the territory and interests of other tribes in Asia, it acted contrary to the current model of English ownership in Asia, and for this reason there were severe ethnic tensions. And it does not create conflicts among the neighboring tribes, and therefore the responsibility of each nation in the beneficial use or exploitation of its lands was clear. And they had to comply with the welfare of the hardworking people, but the corrupt Qajar or Safavid families and this kind of development model openly disturbed every Iranian nation! Or they created problems between the provinces, such as the document registration system of the Pahlavi period, or the functioning system of the organization of the Pahlavi period, and so on, and today, the unconscious continuation of such "unfair regional development methods" has been pursued by the inexperienced managers of the Islamic Republic, and ultimately a tragedy. It has created greatness for all provinces or it is fueling cultural conflict in all provinces

In the continuation of my article, I will explain more about the lands of the villages of "Afshar Qort Bigloi, Sa'in Qala Zanjan" and I should add that the word Qort Biglo or the name of its Afshari Khans has been mentioned in history, or the names of some villages of the Qort Biglo Sain Qala Zanjan are also the same. which has been repeated many times in historical sources, and for example, during the 112-year rule of the Qajar dynasty, it can be seen in Zanjan, Sain Qala, etc. It has been written since the era of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar, and it has been mentioned until the era of the selected chronicles of the era of Ahmad Shah Qajar! But in the Pahlavi period and the establishment of the Civil Registry The era of Reza Shah changed, or it was changed by the policy of the Pahlavi government, that everyone had left their ethnic name and obtained their birth certificate, and could only choose their family name, their father's name, or other personal titles! Or it was associated with the policy of non-native families that They were moved by the Qajar or Pahlavi to the cities of Abhar, Akher Madra, etc., and their special interest was in eliminating the past ethnic identity of the inhabitants of those cities, who would find a place among the inhabitants of the city, and because despite that old ethnic system, they could not separate themselves from the rest of the inhabitants of the city. They were going! And the Qajar and Pahlavi governments had given the management of the same villages and towns in the Abhar region to a certain family, and it was this type of Pahlavi policy that the ethnic titles of Afshar Qort Biglo or Afshar Inanlo were removed, and a variety of inconsistencies were formed from different or colorful names. Or with different goals and interests, and behind that family title and replaced by the issue of regional interests, for example, the name of Inanlui Abhar, which can be seen from the books of the Safavid era until the year 1324 A.H., or it is still abundant in the historical sources of Iran, and the ethnic interests of the inhabitants of this region became clear. The region helped, or their influence in the development of the region was great, or the settlement of a neighborhood and the management of a native person of that neighborhood was great, or their influence was in serving the people of their own region and it was visible or transparent to everyone, because everyone could easily understand or know who and for what. That neighborhood or city has been useful, but this trend was changed during the Pahlavi period and in the cities of Sain Qala or Khormadreh, Hidaj, Abehar, and Vezjanjan, and it is a great policy to show the influence of a person in an urban neighborhood or in the countryside, and only by installing that person's name in an alley or street. And the "magnificence" of a city was seen by all of them easily, or by seeing the same big painting, and they only refer to him, which was contrary to the criteria of choosing useful or selected people and suitable for the management of a clan and clans! But it was a phenomenon that in the period Pahlavi became popular, but it was not known how much that person's service to the said city is? Or how many members of that family are there in the said city? Or how many of the inhabitants of the city are from the neighborhood? For example, during the Pahlavi period, the word "Noah Street" was named in Abhar and the surrounding cities as a street in this city, but it was not known how many percent of the residents of Abhar are from the Noah family, or in the villages of Abhar and how many family members there are. Do they live in Nuhi? Therefore, the installation of personal titles in the places of Sain Shahr and the removal of the name of Qort Bigloh in the second Pahlavi era was also in such a situation!In addition, I must add that the inhabitants of Sain Qala during the Safavid period were Afshar, and the only term Afshar Qort Biglo has been customary in this region since the beginning of the Qajar period, and because various historical documents show that during the Safavid period, the city of Sain Qala and the place "the central fortress of the tribe" Arshlu Afshar had become "Arshlu Afshar" and the tribe that headed the rest of the clans was the Afshar tribe of Vera region, so most of the different branches of the Afshar clans and the surrounding areas would come to Burj Castle and Baro Dar Sa'in Qala and Martaba and went to the Hall of the Great Khan of Arshlu Sa'in Qala and there the meeting was held. They used to take or carry out Qorilatai and then take the final decision of the tribal leaders among their tribes and surrounding areas and create ethnic unity in the region, or among the large Afshari tribe with scattered branches in the mountains and keep them as well, and this is why it is in This Safavid historical period, according to Sharden and Sa'in, the castle had a large castle and a well-built tower, or the castle was full of people, and the new Afshari Khans had rebuilt and created the new castle, or Khan Bezag Afshar also lived in "the new fortified and fortified castle" in Durham. "The old ruins" were built during the time of the Mongols, and in addition, they were in the Ili culture and the small khans of Afshar and were their political subordinates, even though they were sitting in different areas of Soltanieh, Dasht Kharghan, Auj, Vesjas, south of Qazvin, or in Kedar and Vaijrud, and they had their problems with Khan Bezag. Ail raised and then the way of grazing their livestock and crops or the problems of livestock and their livelihood in the Mezboro area or they raised the problems of the route they needed and then they made collective decisions and that is why the city of Sayin Qala Zanjan or during the Safavid period and "Central Qala" It had become them to seek advice from Ili! In addition, each of them also had a "small castle" in their grazing area, or they had their clan's livestock on the way, and also in the same ethnic meeting, and the path of their Afshar tribe, and the subject of exploration, consultation and opinion. They wanted not to cause differences between different clans! Or why they are not bred by different clans? In addition, they also proposed the limits of their cattle pastures or Afshari pastures, on which date or within a few days they should move from Urmia Afshar to the Afshar pastures of Savjblag Karaj, or on the banks of the Karaj River or the gardens of Shahriar Karaj and Fashapoyeh, and Yayaftabad of Tehran and Dasht Ri and Chand. They should continue their day and pasture, and for example, citing historical sources, the dark pasture and the Qort Biglo tribe and Yafet Abad pasture in Tehran were determined, which the book of Nasir al-Din Shah's Memoirs refers to!It is for this reason that the long route of the Koch Ilagaki has been measured over a long distance and started from the good and long lands in the south of the four provinces, which belonged to the summer and spring pastures of the four provinces of West Azerbaijan and the pastures of Takab and Qara-Aghaj or in Zanjan province and the pastures of Ejro and Chaman Soltanieh pastures. Or Sain Qala grass pasture or Farsjin grass had water, and in addition, there were many fields where special guards were assigned to irrigate and care for them, or this was also the case in the south of Qazvin province and the Kharghan desert, or in the mentioned villages and Shal Varamand cemeteries of Qazvin, which belonged to the Afshari tribe of Bekshloi Qazvin. It was that they kept a seasonal watch among the people of Afrid, and then moved through the lands of Buin Zahra, or from the point of view of Abad Afshar, passed the settlement of Karaj and went to the good villages of Shahriar, south of Karaj, which was called Saujblakh, and belonged to the Pilaghi pastures of the great tribe of Afshar and its numerous tribes. Was it the most populous clan of Iran since the Seljuq period, or the largest Iranian Turkic tribe, or the Afshari khans also in the administration of the cities or villages of their people and had successful family administrative experience, or different tribes that the khans of different Iranian tribes did not have the same experience and organization. In addition, Khan Afshari belonged to each clan and the Afshar clan had a special political culture, they were not elected, and in addition, the place of each Khan or his grazing place in the division of Ili work was also clear, and each head of a clan had a special residence of his own house, such as a small castle or The headship had its own clan and clan members as large as it was, and in addition to having good lands and a migration route, it had been determined and specified since the era of Al-Arslan Seljuq that they had their own "support system" or "tribal grazing permit" and provided for their tribal crops. And this culture has been observed until now and during the thousand-year history of the Turks of Ghaz, and the "types of clans" that have become "settled villages" today, and this type of ethnic production customs have still been preserved, or it is part of the ethnic customs and culture of their historical land. In the historical period, there has been a brief geographical or technical change, and in different days, when a small tribe or a ruler wanted to encroach on their ancestral lands, all the different clans or clans of Afshar united with special political tact and showed their solidarity or in the same direction. They preserved and then defended the nation, and in this way they defended the properties of the small khans of each Afshar tribe, or they defended their ancestral lands and pastures, and the "head of most of the Afshar tribes" was also during the 25-year government of Nader Shah, with the headship of the Garakhlo tribe of Afshar, or in Sayin. Takab Castle was located in West Azarbaijan, or the headship of most of them was during the Safavid era and it was headed by "Arshloi Afshar" or it was in Sain Castle, east of Zanjan, which was located in the middle of the long road of the pastures of Urmia and Karaj, which overlooks the excellent pastures of Shahriar Karaj and Dasht Ray. It was also included, and it is for this reason that Hamdaleh Mustofi writes in his book "Nuzhat al-Qulub" that all the Turks of Ghaz tribe and the family of Izz al-Din Qafchag, Turks of Ghazdar, Urmia, and the Ghazhai of Saujblag, Karaj, and their pasture taxes, gave to Malik Tughrel Shahr Ray, which was the largest Khan's castle. He had Ra and Shahr Ray who was at the end of Shahyar or lived in the fortress of "Tabarak Ray Castle" and later because of the request of Nizam al-Mak, his vizier and the place of Khan's residence.The Seljuk leader changed himself and moved to Isfahan or the seat of his ethnic rule from Tabarak Castle to Isfahan and before coming to Iran, the same system was in place and the seat of their rule or their movement was in the two-faced mountains of Jihun and Wasihun, and their Qashlaq place was also in It was by the lake of Khwarazm, or it was around the "Fort of Manqashlaq" in the north of Khwarazm, or at the end of the roaring Sihun river, where the fertile Qabchaq plain of the Ghaz Turkmen people was in that area, and their ethnic culture was also written by Tughrel and Ibn Fadlan in his travelogue. It mentions in detail and it seems that the choice of the new place of rule of Arshlo Afshar's tribe and Sain Qala was the new Zanjan and "Riyast Mansour Beg Afshar" who was probably the "grandson of Shamla Afshar" and happened in the years 904 and 907, whose name is in Vol. It is mentioned in the second book of Khaled Brin, and for about 130 years, he was the head of the Arsholi tribe of Afshar family, or in the middle of the large pasture of Ili, they had built the new Qahud Khani fortress or the new fortress of Sa'in, and in this way, he was also the head of the rest of the Afshari clans and clans. They were self-occupied and ruled it for several generations, until three wars between the Safavid family and the seven Turkish tribes occurred near the city of Sa'in Qala Zanjan, or the conflict between the ownership of several ethnic groups or with the Safavid family became severe, and as a result of the three The said war and a number of Turks were killed, and the rest of the clans, such as Taklu, Rumlu, and Dzhul-Qadr clans, and as a result of the Westiz war with the Safavids, they went back to Ottoman territory or returned to their previous pastures in Ottoman territory, but for 80 years, there is still war and capture between the people of Afshar and Tirehai. There were different types of it in different parts of Afshar, and it is during these days that Shah Abbas, in order to take revenge on their lands, brought three large Kurds, Chegini, Siah, Mansour, Zanganeh Kurds, or branches of Khorasan Kurds into Iran, or brought parts of them to Zanjan. Vesjas and Angoran Castle were brought by Doiran to Afshar and Vaijrud (Storliq Castle) to destroy those areas or to change the name of Qezel Gachilo Afshar Castle to the Black Castle of Mansour. In this historical period, the Safavids and some of the Kurds of Turkey also attacked Urmia and wanted to take it. but Qasim Khan Afshar of Urmia resists or defends with the bravery of the Afshar clans of his own region and this Afshar city of Urmia. After that date, the Afshars of Urmia became known as "Afshar Qasimlu" and also during the era of Shah Safi Safavi. Olearius writes or mentions Sunduk Bey as "Afshar Sataniyeh Vaznjan" who lived in Soltanieh but had a big garden in Zanjan which he used to visit sometimes, because Shah Abbas or Shah Safi and various other Khans, or he brought Maragheh, or the names of "Aga Khan Moghadam" "Maragheh" or Safi Qoli Khan was assigned to the government of Zanjan, and for this reason, he also avoided Sunduk Bey Afshar, and spent most of his time in his own castle and Soltanieh Castle of the Safavid era, and only some days he went to his government garden and above the Revolution Square in Zanjan. He came and later his grandsons named "Abbasqali Khan Afshar" or "Alimardan Khan Afshar" built a castle in Zanjan, or they built it on both sides of Saadi Street in the middle of Zanjan, or in the big garden of their ancestors in Zanjan.They built that both Muzboro castles were destroyed in the rain cannon during the era of Naseruddin Shahi and in addition 48 other collective fortifications of Zanjan were also destroyed. Either Khan Afshar Tarimi or Khan Ijroud were in Zanjan, and in addition to this, the book of the Summary of Safavid Era also mentions Chacha Rachman and Zarastan pastures in Zanjan, which were the pastures of the Afshari people, including Soltanieh grass, on page 88, or Sain Qala lawn, on page 1060 of the same book, or It was Chaman Farsjin in Abhrudar on page 190 or it was Chaman Makhor Saujblag on pages 178 or 222 and it should also be said that the emergence of this Soltaniyeh grass also had a special philosophy in the large plain of Soltaniyeh and it was because of its boiling water and the land of Soltaniyeh had a special status in this area. The ground was boiling and rising, so in this area, it was getting close to the roots of plants and grass in Soltanieh, and it was causing the growth and growth of plants in the Soltanieh field! Afshar and Mongol peoples also used the growth of grass, or they used it for cattle grazing, or they used it for the war horses of the Afshar people, and in addition, the amount of boiling water from the Soltanieh plain was so great that the origin of the two rivers "Zanjan" "River" and "Abhar River" and therefore it went to both sides of the western and eastern route of the province, and in addition, it was located on the route of the Afshari tribe, or in the Sain Qala plain or Hedge Khormadreh, there were also many types of water springs or mouths of canals. Water boiled from each and several rocks and the flow provided many streams of fresh water, and in addition, there were dozens of dams in the Khorramdara valley and along the path of the great water, it was spread in the side streams and caused many pastures or fresh water to be created in this area. And to create livestock for drinking or grazing the livestock of the Afshar people, so that they can feed their Afshar sheep and graze, and in addition, their "Afshar ram breed" was also a breed that was resistant to movement and long distances, or sometimes they had twins, and in addition, they had suitable wool. They also had, as well as the mentioned plain.Afshar and Mongol peoples also used the growth of grass, or they used it for cattle grazing, or they used it for the war horses of the Afshar people, and in addition, the amount of boiling water from the Soltanieh plain was so great that the origin of the two rivers "Zanjan" "River" and "Abhar River" and therefore it went to both sides of the western and eastern route of the province, and in addition, it was located on the route of the Afshari tribe, or in the Sain Qala plain or Hedge Khormadreh, there were also many types of water springs or mouths of canals. Water boiled from each and several stones and the flow provided many streams of fresh water, and in addition, there were dozens of water dams in the Khormadreh valley and along the path of the great water, it was spread in the side streams, and it caused many pastures to be created in this area or fresh water. And to create livestock for drinking or grazing the livestock of the Afshar people, so that they can graze their Afshar sheep, and in addition, their "Afshar ram breed" was a type that was resistant to movement and long distances, or sometimes they had twins, and in addition, they had suitable wool. They also had, as well as the mentioned plain.Afshar and Mongol peoples also used the growth of grass, or they used it for cattle grazing, or they used it for the war horses of the Afshar people, and in addition, the amount of boiling water from the Soltanieh plain was so great that the origin of the two rivers "Zanjan" "River" and "Abhar River" and therefore it went to both sides of the western and eastern route of the province, and in addition, it was located on the path of the Afshari tribe, or in the plain of Sain Qala or Hedge Khormadreh, there were also many types of water springs or mouths of canals. Water boiled from each and several rocks and the flow provided many streams of fresh water, and in addition, there were dozens of dams in the Khorramdara valley and along the path of the great water, it was spread in the side streams and caused many pastures or fresh water to be created in this area. And to create livestock for drinking or grazing the livestock of the Afshar people, so that they can feed their Afshar sheep and graze, and in addition, their "Afshar ram breed" was also a breed that was resistant to movement and long distances, or sometimes they had twins, and in addition, they had suitable wool. They also had, as well as the mentioned plain.Their Afshari tribe had soft or stoneless soil in Soltanieh and Sa'in lawns, castles and rivers, and even the good lands of the Farsjin Plain, with the pleasant weather of the Toam region, or the Ramand Plain, or the Shawl in the south of Qazvin. It creates suitable crops for the people of Afshar, but in the past few decades, tribal settlements started, and unfortunately, most of the above-mentioned Mezghob lands were turned into high-quality vineyards, after the Qazvin plains and Buin Zahra plains, which Jalal Al-Ahmad and Katabi wrote about. The contents of the book "Marat al-Buldan" also specify the route of movement of the cattle of the Afshar tribe of Inanlu Abhar and the Boyin Zahra plain, and then they went to the plains of Saujbalag and Shahriar, the Garm Feshapoyeh plain or the South Ray plain, and other historical sources also mention the pasture grass of Sajas, which It had a historical hill or a summer house, which were all the summer residences of Mongol or Timurid rulers, or during their 100-year rule, and also in the past, it was the place of residence for small villages of the small Mad civilization.It was a settlement of Parthians and Sassanids, so there are several "Mad Abad villages" in the mentioned route, and in addition to the grasslands of the Afshar tribe, it is located in the south of Kedar city, or the pastures of Ijroud city, or the pastures of Qara Aghaj city, or the pastures of Takab city, Azerbaijan, and finally There were also good pastures around Urmia that belonged to the Afshar people of Urmia, and therefore historical documents show that all these lands and pastures did not belong to the Kurdish people, or during the beginning of the Seljuk rule or the rule of El Arslan Seljuk, his ministers, the said lands were not occupied by the war with Romanus and the Roman emperor. It was taken by Byzantium, or it was taken from the Christian tribe of the Romans, and it was not taken from the Kurds, and later it was named the city of "Iranian Urmia" and against "European Erzurum" on the other side of the border, which was called Eastern Rome. Selmas is also predominantly of the Turkish tribe, and it was called Shahpur in the past during the Pahlavi government, and the Shapur statue was also located in that area during the Sassanid period, so it belongs to the Sassanid civilization and the Sassanid people, and for these reasons, it was not part of Kurdistan's lands historically, and on the contrary, the Seljuks considered the Turks and Selmas to be among the remnants of the tribes. The invading Arabs had invaded Iran, and another historical document is also found on page 198 of the History of Seljuk Princes and Kings, which reads as follows: Seljuk Sultan Tughrel and 50 thousand Turkmen of Ghaz along with "Ezzeddin Hasan Qobchak" and the Song of Four Cities (Ashneh, Urmiyah, and Khoi Walsamas) Therefore, the aforementioned historical documents show that at the beginning of the Seljuk government, even the Kurds on both sides of the West Azerbaijan border did not live in this area, nor did there exist Christians in Byzantium Rome that was part of their Kurdistan, because before the Seljuk Al-Aslan attack and the territory of the Eastern Roman Emperor or its conquest Diyaro up to the city of Ankara (or the city of Angora) and all the villages of Byzantium Turkey and all the peoples were Christians, and for this reason, there were no Sunni Kurdish peoples in those areas during the mentioned historical period or at the beginning of the Seljuk era, and it is possible that the majority of "Kurds" were found in that area or later. The mountains of the four mentioned cities, Oceanuyeh, Urmia, Selmas, and Khoi, came after the fall of the Seljuk government, or after the fate of Sultan Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshahi ended, when various Kurds came to the mentioned areas, or it may have happened during the reign of the Mongols, but for several centuries. Then, Shah Abbas I, who came and lost his Turkish supporters inside Iran, or had a war with several large Turkish tribes, so his government was left alone, and for this reason, he tried to force many Kurds into the territory of Turkey. Iran will move! Or he will go to the barren lands of Sehrvard and Govarud and take a severe revenge on the disgruntled Turkish people of Afshar, or endanger their "nomadic ancestral pastures"!It is also necessary to remember that the leadership of Afshar Arashlo's family, both in the city and in "Sain Qala Zanjan Castle" also started from the period of Mansour Bey Afshar and it was the period of Nader Shah's appearance, who came to "Sain Qala" in order to save Azerbaijan and expel the Ottomans from the territory of Azerbaijan. Abhar" came to defend the "old pastures" of the Afshars, so according to the quote on page 159 of the book Alam Arai Naderi, with the arrival of Nader Shah and Abhar Soltanieh, or with the conversation with the heads of the Afshar tribe in Arshlwooder, the city of Sain Qala Zanjan, what had happened and they all cooperated with each other until the end. Azar Baijan should be taken back from the Ottoman army! The same type of Nader Shah's journey is also mentioned on page 159 of Alam Arai Naderi, and after that historical period, "the chiefs of the Afshar Arshlu clan" or the branches of the clans and clans under their supervision lived in Sain Qala Zanjan. Kurds and had a war consultation with each other and made a decision, so most of their subordinate clans in the same historical period have joined the Afshariya Nader army, and a small number of them remained in Sain Qala and Tire Qort Biglohs and replaced them, or they all took part in the 25-year wars of Naderi, and it has been a "habit" since ancient times. The culture of the Afshar tribes or its clans was such that they were supposed to be a herd of warriors, and therefore they trained their own children as a military force, so as soon as the aforementioned meeting was held in the consultation room of the central forts of Sain Qala and the people of each region immediately Many of the inhabitants of the Afshar villages gathered in Urmia, or Afshar Ijrud, or Afshar Takab, and were prepared, and finally, they created a large force for military conflict, and there were no such war characteristics in other Iranian tribes that could be "immediately organized" in this way, but Afshar They were different from the Seljuk era, the Turks and Nadir Shah's era, and all of them had tribal cells or knew how to organize a war. "deep" in the organization of their tribe and finally they reached the rank of "Khan Soltaniil" from the position of "Maqam Yavari" of the tribe or "Bigi of the clan" or it was with this way of organization for Afshar clans that the accumulation of 1000 years of family experience creates. And Khanin Atabek in Fars or Yazd, Volrestan, Hamdan, and Azerbaijan were completed and reached the age of experiences of Nader Shahi era, and with these historical experiences, they were successful in Nader's government and participated in at least 300 major wars, and they were successful in all those wars. There is an army in the world, and the only example of the above-mentioned organization is found in Timur's army, or it exists in the Seljuk period! In addition, on the same page 159, it is mentioned that Nader Shah and "Probig Afshar" or the son of "Biston Bey" in that meeting and The ruler of Urmia "does well the arrangements or organization of the clans under his supervision, and prepares the necessary plan, or with good management and his preparation, captures the city of Urmia from the Ottomans, or takes back the Ottomans' Yeni Cheri army and the pastures of the Afshars of Urmia, or To take it back from the invading Kurds to Iran? And "Biston Bey Afshar" appoints himself the General Commander of Azerbaijan and the city of "Tabriz"!But the same book of Alam Ara does not specify that Probig Afshar or Bistun Bey Afshar are from which tribe of the Afshar tribe? However, Gulshan's book has made it clear, or he mentions in the pages of his book and Fatali Khan Afshar Arshlo and "or the ruler of Urmia" that after the bloody war of Saman Arkhi Zanjan, he survived and was still the ruler of Urmia for a while, but later Vahman Khan Arshalvi of Urmia and his two children. and they were killed by Karim Khan Zand or they were killed near Isfahan, and also the matching of this type of historical documents shows that with the appearance of Nader Shah Qarakhlo and the Afshar Sain clan, Zanjan Castle was transferred from this city to the center of Afshar in the city of Urmia, and on the contrary, the remains of The Afshar people of Ghasemlui Urmia also appear in the cities of Takab or Kedar and finally I say that although I have prepared a 47-page research on the historical developments or the localities of Sain Qala, I have written about the city of Sain Qala or its changes since 904. I have the current era, but I will refrain from mentioning them due to the brevity of the article, and I will only mention the change of ethnic location of Sain Qala and the "Arshlo tribe" to the Qort Biglo tribe, which was formed during the rare meetings of Nader Shahi and later evolved during the Qajar period, and the tribe that lived in the surrounding villages Sayin Qala lived in Zanjan, and for example, p. 1982 of the book Marat Al-Buldan and the village of "Chale Magar" around Sain Qala and as "the settlement belonging to Shahsun Qort Biglo" is mentioned by Afshar on p. Shahsun Ghort Biglo mentions or on page 272 of the selected book of al-Tawarikh he mentions "the head of the Ghort Biglo clan" or he mentions "Saware Il Ghort Biglo" and also pages 521 and 2005 of the book of the Naseri administrator also mentions "the heads of this clan Afshar Ghort" Bigelow "says and speaks" and in addition, pages 1252 and 1391 of the book Naskh al-Tawarikh also speaks of the sending of "the tribe of Afshar Qort Bigelow" and the war with the British and the way of Kazeroon.Also, pages 1253, 986, 1239, and 1405 of Naskh al-Tawarikh book also mentions "Qort Biglo clan" and its "riders", and in addition, pages 57 and 59 of Nasir al-Din Shah's memoirs discuss "Qort Biglo clan and its leadership" and also page 1269 of Naseri book He also mentions "Yuz Bashian" and "Rahmatullah Khan Qort Biglo" in the discussion, and on page 352 of Naseruddin Shah's book, he also mentions "Abadi Kuloj", an area that belonged to "Saran Il Qort Biglo" or on page 355 The settlement is called Saru Jahan, which belonged to the head of the Qort Biglu clan, and in addition, during the Seljuk period, this settlement was Saru Jahan and a strong Seljuk fortress, and therefore, for a week, Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah had become "Dajseru Jahan" against the attack of the Mongols and its refuge. In military affairs, the "Khort Biglo clan" formed an independent military regiment during the Qajar period, which is mentioned in most historical sources and this "military regiment of the mentioned clan", for example, on page 1185 of the book Marat al-Buldan, which in 1270 AH, the mission He gives "Saware Shahson Shahson Qort Biglo" to Khorasan and a historical report, or it is also mentioned in the daily memoirs of Naser al-Din Shah and the travel book of Gilan, and he mentions "Qort Biglo's Qashlaqat" which was found in Abad Tehran and the place of their Qashlaqat, or p. 108 of the Book of Selected Chronicles In the year 1271 AH, you mention their sending to Agh Darband Sarkhas, page 1253 of Naskh al-Tawarikh also refers to the same thing, or on page 1201, Marat al-Boland and confronting the Turkmen outside of Iran, when the Turkmen attack Iran from Ashgabat, and as a result Suraran Qort sent Biglo and also on page 1405 of Marat al-Buldan and discussing their sending to Fars province and in addition on page 143 of the selected book of al-Tawarikh or p. 1556 of the book of Marat al-Buldan and about them as "independent military cavalry" and in addition in 1284 AH and The book Marat al-Buldan also mentions on page 1555 of the same book about their dispatch and the encounter with the rebel group in "Atraf Bojnord" and also on page 1391 of Naskh al-Tawarikh about the military encounter between the Qort Biglous and the British army in Bushehr, in which the war between the British and And they had installed 66 cannons or mortars in their ships, and in addition, on page 115 of the biography of Abbas Mirza Malik, he also mentions "Il Qort Biglo" or writes that Shahson's people surrounded Voznjan from three sides and they are four tribes. And that is, it is the Duiran tribe of Afshar or the Inanlu tribe or the Afshar tribe of Kedarami, and also in the following years, that is, in the years 1276 and 1291 Hijri or 1297 or 1310 Hijri, the same "Saware Qort Biglo" appears in the field of military affairs, or it is mentioned on page 1284 of the book Marat al-Buldan It has been mentioned on page 1952 of Naseri's "Regulatory book" or on page 2400 of Marat al-Buldan or on page 172 of the selected book of al-Tawarikh by Qort Biglo and it is discussed and sometimes in the same historical sources he has mentioned the "military force of Qort Biglo" or from "Jamaat Shahsun Qort Biglo is mentioned on pages 20, 91, 1246, and 521 of the book of the Naseri administrator, and also in the year 1297 AH, the book Farsnameh Naseri mentions the mission of the "Qort Biglo clan" in the region of "Kasht Fars", and in addition, page 986 of the Nasakh al-Tawarikh book. Riding 300The member of the "Qort clan of Afshar Bigloi" discusses a military mission, and today this clan and Takhteh have been captured, but in the past they had a successful history and gained good combat experience and the position of brigade commander, so they often had important military experience and correspondence. Reza Qoli's Nizam al-Sultaneh or Sepehsalar's telegraph book also discusses the "Qort Biglo tribe" and its ethnology.