ایران شناسی - قوم شناسی - جامعه شناسی

Afshar tribe and five major ethnic groups in different cities of Iran.

(Ethnic changes of Iranians in the 14th century)

(Part II)

by Dr. Mohammad Khaleghi Moghadam,

specialized in ethnology from Tehran University

And for this reason, I must remind you that, as mentioned in the book Fatuh al-Baldan, in the early Islamic centuries, all over the plain of Khuzestan belonged to the Sassanid Iranians, and later its villages or cities fell into the hands of the Arabs, but they, like the Iranian villagers living in Khuzestan, were hard workers. They were not farmers, nor were they shovelers in the Shushtar, Mishan, Haweza, and Ibadan plains, and they were not dredging the rivers branched off from Karun, Karkheh, Jarhari, and Marun Handijan. to live and the Umayyads did not accept it, and he needed it for his noble expenses, and this caused a difference between them and the Bani Umayyad caliphs, whose governors were in Basra, and the middle city was built by Hajjaj bin Yusuf Thaqafi, and both cities were in the neighborhood of Khuzestan, and therefore the Arabs of Khuzestan for two and a half centuries and There was a battle with Westiz and the Umayyad troops in the garrisons of Basra, Wasit, and Baghdad, and at the same time, there was an uprising of the Zangians in southern Iraq, where the said Arabs used to water the trees or for Chinese dates from the trees of Mahmarra, Abadan, Basra, Wasit, and Nasiriyah, and a number of Zangians were African skinned. They had brought them, and they used to work from them, or they picked their dates, or they used to clean the rivers of Khuzestan, Basra, Wasit, Amara, and Nu'maniyah, which often got muddy and needed frequent cleaning in the excruciating heat of Iraq and Khuzestan, but the same slave The unfortunate people didn't get food and death from their Arab kings, so they also started a rebellion of their black slaves in these days, which caused the further weakening of the Abbasid caliphs, or after 250 AH, and these days also coincided with the uprising of Yaqub Laith Safari in It was Iran that opposed the Arabs and Abbasid caliphs and marched to Khuzestan and wanted to go and capture Baghdad, but he died due to some diseases or air pollution or the extreme heat of Khuzestan, and he also died outside Dezful, Khuzestan, and now his grave is in the same area, followed by his brother. Amr Leith Safari followed his work and the Arabs of Khuzestan became more afraid and fled from Khuzestan, and in the later stages, Val Boyeh marched from Shiraz to Khuzestan and made the Arabs of Khuzestan flee more, and from there he marched to Baghdad and captured Baghdad, and as a result of this many incidents In the first few centuries, the Arabs of Khuzestan left this province and went to the cities of South Khorasan, or they turned to the desert cities of Isfahan, Kashan, Vizd, Vardestan, Wardestan, etc. They came with their clans to Khuzestan and Kahgiluyeh, and because of the numerous floods of rivers and streams and the filling of streams, and also because of the excruciating heat, all the villages of Khuzestan were ruined in the fourth century, or all its fields were empty of people, and the city of Ahvazham, which was built by Ardeshir Babkan, was completely ruined, and the Seljuks And the center of the government of Khuzestan itself was the fortress of Salas Shushtar, which was a strong and barbarous fortress on a hill by the river, and next to it there were several dams of the Sassanid era or several water mills of the Karun river, or wheat storage warehouses or other facilities, and several holes also connected to the roaring Shushtar river. It used to turn some calm streams and channels into Shushtar, and the meaning of Shushtar is greener city than ShushIt used to be located next to Karkheh, and from where the Turkish Seljuk people were hardworking people, and during the two-century rule of the Seljuks and Khwarazmshahs, and like the days of their hard work, they worked in the plains of Khwarazm and Jihun, and cultivated the fertile plains of Khwarazm and Bukhara with the same style of education. He restarted the former culture and agriculture in the ruined villages of Khuzestan and took the tax deduction from the Seljuk King and Divan of Isfahan, and started to rebuild the ruined villages of Khuzestan after the year 433 and took them with the Arabs who fled from Khuzestan. From the intense heat of Khuzestan and most of the summers, they used to go to the high and forested mountains of Kahgiluyeh and the east of Khuristan, and during the autumn and low temperatures, they would come to the fertile lands of Khuzestan for their cultivation and their readings. And they explain how Shushtar or Izeh and Ahramz and Doroq and its green fields and its Mangesht and castles and forests belonged to the two great clans of Arshlu Afshar and Gondoluz Afshar of Khuzestan, and also the book of summary of al-Tawarikh or Alam Arai Abbasi is full of documents about the arrival of some of the Khans of Afshar who are from Giluyeh and Khuzestan. And to the Safavid government court in Qazvin, or some of them migrated to the Shal grape-growing plain, Kharghan and Auj plains of Qazvin, who formed the Afshar Bakshloi branch of Qazvin during the Safavid period, or migrated to the Abhar plain, Sultaniyeh, and Saujblag, where the Afshars of Arshlo, Osanlu, Amirlu, and Anlanloi of the Abhar plain and Jasjas They formed the Sultanate during the Safavid era, and in addition, the participation of the Afshars who migrated to the south in the early 100-year wars of the Safavid era with the Ottomans, the Uzbeks, and North Aras, and the authentic historical records of the Safavid era are full of documents related to the "Oshar clan" of Khuzestan, Kahgiluyeh, Kerman, Wizd, and Persia. All of which are many in the written historical sources of the Safavid era, but unfortunately, due to the lack of development of the science of historiography or anthropology in Iranian universities, so far, all these historical documents have not been used for analysis? And when Giloy left and came to the Qazvin and Soltanieh plains, or they came back to Takab and Shahin Dez plains next to the Simine river, and all the documents of the Safavid era state how the Kurds, Bakhtiaris, Armenians, Circassians, Georgians, and many foreign countries entered Iran with the support of the Shah. Abbas settled in Northern Khorasan or settled in Kurdistan, Gros, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, Gilan and Bakhtiari, on the contrary, 8 large Turkish tribes or the builders of the Safavid state left Iran and took refuge in the Ottoman soil again, such as Teklo, Rumlu, Dzul Qadr, Shamlu, and Turkoman in the second period of Safavid rule and under the rule of Shah Abbas. They fell in and all the numerous clans of the same 8 Turkish tribes left the cities of Iran and the country and gave it to the newly arrived and new tribes of the contemporary cities, including the old tribe of the Afshars, were removed from the government of all the cities of Iran and their properties were taken from them and many others. They were slaughtered and the status of livestock farming in Verma Daishan was also uncertain. The history of the second Safavid period is similar to the Mongol period in Iran, when the Mongol tribes settled in the Seljuk villages, or it is the Nadir era of Qaraqvinlu, when the Mongol tribes left and the Turks settled in the Shahs, or similar to the early centuries.Islam is Islam that the Arab peoples replaced the Iranian peoples and became the Sassanids, and the Safavid era is the fourth period of transformation of the Iranian peoples, when many Kurds, Bakhtiaris, Armenians, and Georgians came to Iran, but it has not yet been anthropologically and historically analyzed, and the remaining Afshar people of Khuzestan and in front of the Shah Abbas and his Safavid government stood up, and he tried to take Vakhagiluyeh from the Afshars with the help of Al-Hordi Khan Armenian and his son, or with the help of a Khan Bayat and the fortress of Shushtar Rao, he took Gondozlubi from the hands of the Khans of Afshar and gave it to Sayyid Mubarak, who was Khan Arab of the small plain of Haweiza, and the aforementioned Batrfand. And Khuzestan fell into the hands of Mashashi'i clan, who was a supporter of Safavids, and the story of it is mentioned in the books of the Safavid era, and when Nader Shah came to power, many of the Afshars of Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, Kahgiluyeh, Fars, Kerman, Wizd, Vezjan, and Qazvin gathered in his army, and almost all the remnants of the old Seljuk army gathered. At this time, Nader Shah was in the north of Baghdad and was busy fighting with the largest Ottoman army, and the Ottoman commanders and the Arab family of Khuzestan learned that he started a big rebellion in the city of Shushtar, or with the help of Muhammad Khan Baloch, and lost control of the fortress of Shushtar, or lost control of Khuzestan. Afshar's Genduzlovi tribe had left Afshar and fell into the hands of the Arabs, and Naderi's army called Afshar Gundozlovi reminded him that he should put aside the war with the Ottomans for the time being and control the rebellion of the Arabs and Baluchs in Shushtar so that Khuzestan does not fall from their hands, and Nader Shah also followed their advice. After controlling the Shushtra rebellion, he again went to war with the Ottoman army in the north of Baghdad and defeated them, and also the Arabs of Fars and the likes of the city of Shira and with the help of the same Muhammad Khan Baloch and the same Arabs of Lar, Khanj and Bastak of Fars. Nader Shah controlled them and then pursued the Arabs of Hola and Muhammad Khan Baloch, who all left Persia and went to the other side of the Persian Gulf, and most of this type of material is found in the history books of Naderi's world, or in Jahangeshari Naderi's book, or in "Dare Naderi" and so on. But later Nader Shah's murder happened, or did it happen with the conspiracy of some agents of East India and Nader Shah's military attack, who wanted to go and take China? So one of the Khanins of Gondoz Lu Afshar, with the help of four other Khans, colluded with Afshar and killed Nader, or with 70 The soldiers who were guarding Nader Shah's tent and Nader Shah was also killed and his children were also massacred, and this time for the "fifth time and another change" in Iranian tribes, or another deep transformation took place in Iranian tribes, and the fate of the Afshar tribes of Khuzestan was also disrupted, or like the rest of the Afshar tribes and It was completely messed up, and then the British saw that the small Arab tribe of Khuzestan did not have that much fighting population or the supply to dominate all the villages and cities of Khorestan, so they decided to move a large Arab tribe called the Bani Ka'b tribe to Muhamra, Ibadan, Duroq, and Sosungard, and then some They moved the small Arab tribe to Khuzestan in the period of Zandiya and Fatal Shah Qajar, or in order to gain power for Sheikh Mazal in Khuzestan and in the period of Muhammad Shah Qajar, they built a government castle for him outside Muhammara, and later on the pretext of the siege of Herat by the Qajar and their warships to Bushehr and Muhammara. They also brought new rifles to Sheikh Mazal or his son Sheikh Khazaal, and then the Arab soldiers.They increased Sheikh Khazal and with the help of English riflemen, they built another Khani fort in Khafajieh (or in the current Sosengard) for him, and probably they were also built in Hamidiya, but they built a Khani castle bigger than Mahmarah Castle on the side of the Karun river in Ahvaz for Sheikh Khazal, or they built it in Nasiriyah, Ahvaz. And the city of Ahwaz did not exist at that time, but a Naseri town belonging to Naser al-Din Shah was located in that area, and later they told Moin al-Tajjar of Bushehri's Arab descent to build a facility in the same Nasirieh of Ahvaz, and they brought the English Lynch brothers to start a small boating company. From Ahvaz and Shushtar, the boats from Ahvaz to Shushtar should be taken over by Wazira, who in the upper course of Karun and there were large stones in the bed of the Karun river that large English commercial ships could not bring a large commercial ship above Nasiriyah, and in addition, during the late Mozaffari era, William Knox's oil wells An English Darcy had been discovered, or it had been discovered in Suleiman Mosque, which was the only crossing of the main road, which connected to the city of Shushtar, which was the center of power of the Afshar chiefs of Gondozloi in Khuzestan, and therefore the rest of the Afshar Turks of Shushtar or Kohgiluyeh were also victims of the connivance of the Khanin Arabs of Bani Kaab. Khanin became Bakhtiari that the oil wells were at the end of their clans domain, and they gave Sardar Asad and his brother a share of the oil wells of Masjid Suleiman and an oil share, and in addition, with the cooperation of Moin Al-Tassari and Shahri and the Lynj brothers, he was involved in the transportation of boats on the Shushtar route, and in addition, the oil pipeline route from Silman Mosque to Abadan Either it passed through Lali and Heftgol wells behind Shushtar, Hamoz, through the villages of Shushtar, the Afshar region of Turkey, and then it reached the English oil refinery of Abadan, or it reached the end of Duraq (or the present-day city of Shadgan), which was part of the Afshar's pastures since ancient times. He also acknowledges that issue and the Qajar rulers of Isfahan and Khuzestan also interpreted the country divisions of the city and the province or the state after the Nasrid era and Zel Sultan, the brother of the Shah or with Motamed al-Doleh, an Armenian Georgian who in this sensitive historical period and Biglar Beygi was the four new provinces of Larnace. Khuzestan and Isfahan were combined and they were all administered as one big province of Biglar Begi, Khuzestan, Valrestan, and Isfahan, and therefore the lands of the remains of the Seljuk Ghazs of Shushtra and the lands of the Gonduzlu of Afshar Khorestan were also an obstacle to this commercial and regional goal, so they had to be removed and the remnants of the Afshar province Zanjan and Sultaniyeh or Dasht Takab also had a similar fate, or in the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, there were bones in their throats, and because of this goal, "European trade routes to Tehran" and they all became victims. I must add that apart from the establishment of the Seljuks in the plains of Kerman, Fars, and Khuzestan, the largest group of Seljuk Ghaz Turks settled in the pastures of Azerbaijan during the Seljuk Tughrel period, especially after the arrival of Barkiarq to Sejas or after the arrival of Sultan Tughrel II from Isfahan to Zanjan or Azerbaijan or with The help of Atabig Ildgez Seljuqi in Dartbriz, when Atta Beg Sultan Tughrel II had become a Seljuk, and this matter intensified the settlement of Seljuk Turks in Azerbaijan and Savojablag city of Rio and Urmia, and later under the leadership of Atabig Shams al-Din Ildgez and his Pahwan children in Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Wenzjan, and Hamdan, Ata Beg Tughrel II was accompanied. And so the settlement of the Ghazs was also in AzerbaijanIt was intensified that it had a wide area of ​​semi-quality pastures, and the plains of Ray and Sajjabla, Karaj, and the Abhar plain and Shrovyaz (or the old Soltanieh) or the Urmia plain of Azerbaijan, where the Ghazs settled in those plains for herding and farming, and the Arabs of the Ravadians or the remnants of the Vahsudanis. Those areas were expelled by the Arabs or the descendants of Harun al-Rashid, who held the lands of Tabriz, Maragheh, and Janjan, and Taram, and his Arab servants had ruled the said areas for four centuries, and they had killed the Iranians of the Sassanid era, or the Arabs, or the Arabs, or the Arabs of Bani Abbas, and the villages Azerbaijan had dominated Vezjan and with the first move of the Seljuks and all the Arabs fled and the Seljuk Ghazs from Rio and Urmia did not find any obstacles in their way, but in the use of the pastures of Urmia, Salamas, and Khovi, they faced the Byzantine Christian army, and therefore in the battle of Malazgerd, they were the Christians of Romanus. Either the Roman emperor defeated me and entered the territory of Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, or they entered the cities of Shirvan, Shamakhi, Baku, and Ganja Azar Bayjan, north of Aras, which were in the hands of the Arabs and the family of Harun al-Rashid, or they entered Rumia Turkey and went as far as the city of Ankara, Turkey (or the former Anqura). It was the way that "Seljuqs formed Rome" or "Seljuqs of Sham" or "Seljuqs of Erbil and Mosul" or "Seljuqs of North Azerbaijan" or they established "Shirvan Azerbaijan" with the center of city Shirvan or Tabriz and on both sides of Ars. It was under the rule of Atabig Ilde Ghasseljuqi, and at that time there were no "Kurds" in the territory of Iran, Turkey, and Armenia. All the mentioned areas and centuries belonged to the "Armenian population of Byzantium Rome" and probably a small group of Kurds in that historical period and only in the area of ​​the cities of "Sinjar" and "Aleppo". and Homs "lived, and the Kurdistan of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran did not exist, and those Kurds of Aleppo, Homs, and Sinjar were not Muslims for several centuries, but were probably under the Byzantine rule and were definitely "Christian Kurds" so that they could live in the area under the Christian Roman Empire or be allowed to live in The Byzantine government should live and live, and in this historical period, the Arabs of northern Syria were also Christians, but this time they surrendered to the military actions of the Turkish Seljuks and all the Christian settlements in Turkey, that the villages of the Christian governments of the four countries of Northern Syria, Byzantine Turkey, Armenia, and Northern Azerbaijan were (or the Baku region) that were opened or conquered, but on the contrary, it had the opposite result, and after that, the opening of the country by the Seljuks and the Christian governments of France, England, and Spain did not sit quietly and rose up against the Seljuks, and this time for about a hundred years, the Christian nations of Europe wanted to take back their lands. Christian co-religionists were liberating Byzantium and frequently plundering the Turkish Seljuk government in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, and it is during this historical period that the Kurdish peoples of northern Syria became Muslim, and then they formed the "Kurd Ayyubid State" in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt with the Shafi'i religion. From the disintegration of the Seljuk government in Iran and by the Mongols and also with the defeat of Ghazan Khan and Uljaito in the areas of Syria, this time "the peoples of the area of ​​Syria" became more populated, either to the lands of northern Iraq, to ​​the Mamluks of Egypt, or to the south of Seljuk Turkey during the aforementioned period, and in addition, in the periodThe Safavids also came to the territory of Iran, or they came in the second half of the Safavid period, when most of them were able to leave and were stuck with the government of Shah Abbas, and they also turned to the Kurdish tribes, and the historical documents of the second Safavid period say that, and for this reason, the book Tabaqat Sultans of Islam Stanley Lane Poole is silent about Kurdish local governments, and he has researched about the local governments of the Islamic world, and on pages 124 and 125 of his book, he mentions only a small Kurdish ethnic group inside Iran, and they are also called "Kurds of Bani Hasnawieh Dinur" who are in Between the years 348 and 406, the governor of Dinur Kermanshah or some lands near Nahavand were entrusted to them, and he was called "Hasnawieh bin Hossein Kurd Barzkani" and he had a local government in "Sarmaj Castle of Kermanshah" and his son or grandson also lived there until 405 AH. But later "Shams al-Dawlah al-Boyeh Dilmi" killed them or the local government made them extinct, and the Arabs did not want their own government in Iranian Kurdistan or Azerbaijan to fall into the hands of "Kurds", so in the period of Albuyeh and two provinces of Kermanshah or Kurdistan did not exist as it does today, but in the Sassanid period, these areas were part of the Iranian Zoroastrian region, and it was also the western Arab region for three centuries, and later it became the Turkic region of the Seljuk Turks, Erbil and Mosul, and only until El Boyeh or the Seljuks, and the rule of those regions by the rulers The Arabs were ruled from the middle of the Qaraqvinluvia period, and the Kurdistan region of Turkey and Iran was formed, but there were Kurds in the north of Syria, and for this reason, in historical documents, such as the book Tabaqat Sultans of Islam and the Ayyubid Kurds of Syria, it is mentioned from the year 564, the governor of 648, and therefore because of the invasion. The Crusades and the government of the Ayyubid Kurds in Syria, Aleppo and Hamas are formed, and Salah al-Din Ayyubi Kurd is also one of the Kurds in the army of Nour Al-Din Zangi Seljuk in Syria, and he became independent after the attack of the Crusaders, and he gathered the various Kurds of Syria, west of the Euphrates, etc., around him, and then the government The Ayyubids led the Kurds to Palestine, Hajar and Egypt, and during the rule of the Ilkhanids and Timurids, when the Mongols and Khaq in Turkey were weakened, the Kurds took the opportunity to come to Turkey, northern Iraq, and inside Iran, and read the book of Sharafname Badlisi or the book of Sheikh Mardukh or Rashid Yasmi, and even though the diversity of ethnic groups He has mentioned the Kurds well, but he does not provide a type of analytical writing and the actual history and time of their settlement in different regions of the Middle East, and the Kurds are the same in Ilam province, or the Ler Fili tribes of Lorestan have been in Iran since the second half of the Safavid era, which the documents The history of Arai Abbasi and shows it or the history of Bakhtiari compiled by Ali Qali Khan Sardar Asad Bakhtiari and on pages 24 and 63 etc. of his own book and he writes that the Bakhtiaris came from Jabal al-Samaq, Aleppo, Syria and came to Iran, Indonesia p. 1086 Alam Arai Abbasi and by Khalil Khan son of Jahangir Khan Bakhtiari mentions that during the reign of Shah Abbas, and in addition, the Ler tribes of Kehiloyeh used to only have the pastures of Boyer Ahmad south of Kehiloyeh, but the Afshars came to the mountain pastures of Giloyeh from the Seljuk period and in the summers and to the Shushtar, Varahzamz, and Doroq plains of Khuzestan. In the first hundred years of the Safavid government, the Afshar tribes left the village of Kekiloyeh and moved again to Qazvin and Soltanieh fields, and then by Al-Hordi KhanArmenians and the ruler of Shiraz and the rest of Afshar clans and the lands of Gliwieh were expelled, or the Gendzlovi tribes of Afshar were expelled from Shushtar by Khan Bayat with the help of the Safavids, and the lands of Kliwieh were given to the old tribes of Shul or the old Shabankare, or the lands of Khorestan and to Sheikh Mubarak Arab Mashashai and the ruler of Hawiza. And the support of Shah Abbas is given, or Lorestan is also a branch of old tribes that were under the control of "Al Fazluyeh" and later, the great and small Lore tribes started in the Qajar period, and it is for these historical reasons that the same page of the book of Alam Arai Abbasi or its other pages and thirty The governor of Chihl Khan Kurds or Kurdish clans obeyed Shah Abbas and mentions in his book that they came from the Kurdish areas of Iraq, Turkey, Syria and western Iran, or they migrated to North Khorasan, or as Khorasani Kurds, Chegini or Pazuki, or Karachurlu Kurds, or Shadlu Kurds, Amarlu Kurds, and Kurds. Chamsghazak and Siah Mansoori Kurds replaced the Mongolian tribes of Jani Ghorbani or Yesavari or the Taghatimori, Garaili, and Joghtai tribes of Northern Khorasan. Before him, the kings of the Turkic government of Aq Qoyunlu or the kings of the Qara Qoyunlu government, as well as the Mongolian tribes of Northern Khorasan and the Gorgan Valley, were taken from the cities of Tus and Meru by Qochan. And Channaran, Shirvan, Wasferain, and Jnoward and had been driven out for this reason and in the beginning of the Safavid government, either the reason for the attack of the Uzbeks, or Ubaidullah Khan, or Shibak Khan of the Uzbek, and the protection of the Mongol tribes in the aforementioned areas, or the attack of the Sunni Turkomans of Sain Khan and the land of North Khorasan was due to these reasons, or Their attack on Mashhad at the beginning of the Safavid period was due to the return of the lands of the former Mongol and Jaghtai tribes, or their return to their own cities in the North Khorasan area, and there is still a village in the south of the city of Esfrain called "Jaghtai village" that Uzbek Obaidullah Khan has visited Esfrain several times. He attacked that Kurds settled after the era of Shah Abbas, or on other pages of the same page, 1086, he writes the book Alam Arai Abbasi, or other books of the Safavid era also show that the arrival of "Kurd Ardalan" from Kurdistan and into Iran happened in the second half of the Safavid era. Shah Abbas was forced to drag the Kurds into Iran because of the rebellion of the 8 rebellious tribes of Teklu, Rumlu, Dzul Qadr, and the Turkmen of Azerbaijan, or the Rumlu tribe, and was forced to force the Kurds into Iran, or because of the three bloody wars of Sain Qala and Tabriz and his engagement with the Turks and inside the Qazvin Palace, which stood in front of the Safavid court. He brought Hasmail II to power and needed the support of the Kurds, or after a year when Shah Ismail II died early, and some of the leaders of the same Turkish tribes killed some of the Safavid princes, and they did not want Shah Abbas to come to power, or they wanted another prince. and their trusted ones to power, and Shah Abbas, on the other hand, with the advice of the British, like the Shirley Wright brothers, etc., removed the same 8 Turkish warrior clans from the government of the cities, or from the fortresses of all Iranian cities, and then the rule of all the armies or the rule of all the cities He gave Iran to the hands of Armenian houses or Georgian houses or Circassian houses or Lezgi houses or Indian Zik houses and with their support he established the first East Indian trading houses in Kerman, Shiraz, Isfahan, Jask, Bushehr, Bandar Abbas, Hormuz, Bandar Lange and Shahr Lar Fars and then Ahed printing houses. The Seljuks named Vetimuri as "Shah Abbasi Caravanserai" and monopolized the tradeHe gave the Iranian caravans to Armenian or European merchants or then with the support of the same Armenian and Georgian khans who ruled the important cities of Mashhad, Shiraz, Isfahan and Farahabad and instead of the rule of Turkish people in Iranian cities, he submitted to at least 30 khans and removed himself from the territory of Turkey or Iraq. Or he brought it into Iran's territory, and for this reason, he caused a great demographic change or a great ethnic change in Iran and Iranian cities, even though the purpose of those Georgian and Circassian ethnic groups coming to Iran, or the population of the Armenian tribes into Iran, or the purpose of the Kurds of Turkey and Iraq to Iran The agricultural lands belonged to their own people, and for this reason, after achieving the agricultural benefits of the new vermiculture, they sat quietly and did not support or help Iran against the violent invasion of the Safavid government, the Afghans, the Ottomans, the Uzbeks, and the Russians, and finally, the entire land of Iran fell, or even the heart of the capital, Isfahan, and so on. For several years, the nation of Iran did not have a "single nationality" or a "single ethnicity" or a "single capital" and, for example, according to pages 1086 to 1089, Alam Arai Abbasi and Shah Abbas Safavi and "Avatar Sultan Pazouki" were brought from outside the country and ruled the cities of Khawar. Vasmanan and Damavand and Firouz Koh were brought from abroad, or "Youssef Sultan Chamshakzak" was brought from abroad, and the ruler was "Khubushan and Qochan" or "Ashur Khan Chegini was brought" and "Hakim Marv Shah Jahan" was brought or "Ahmed Sultan Chegini was brought" and Hakim Sabzevar" or "Imam Qoli Khan Siah Mansour" was Kurdish and "Hakim Esfrain" was Kurdish or "Reza Qoli Khan was Kurdish Siah Mansour" and "Hakim Qala Bast Zamin Davar" or "Biram Ali Sultan Sufi was Kurdish" He came and settled in the district of Gilan and in order to put pressure on the small local rulers of Gilan and Dilman, most of his local rulers had the nickname "Kar Kia" and they did not obey the Safavid government until the small khan Amira Sasan put pressure on the city of "Kasgar" or "Amira Debaj of Rasht and Fomen" put pressure on Vashft, or put pressure on the small Khan of Rostamdar region, or the small Khan of Rouz Azan region, or the small Khan of Marashi Sari and Amal, or the small Khan of Chalavi region, or the small Khan of Kabud Jameh, south of Gorgan, and put some of the districts of Gilan and Bud Jameh under pressure. He gave Gorgan Raham to his relative clan and the Stajlu clan, and he gave some to Farhad Khan, his Armenian slave, and he also brought the Kurds of Ardalan to the west of Iran, who were previously only settled in "Zor city" north of Baghdad, and during the reign of Shah Abbas, from Zor city to Saqqez region. And then from Saqqez they also came to Sane Dej (or Sanandaj Castle) and the Tar Yaq book of Hadaiq al-Akhbar Naseri also refers to the Kurdish history of Ardalan from the era of Shah Abbas to the era of Naseri, and there are also documents about their stay in Sandaj during the era of Agh Quyulu or Mongols or Seljuks. Does it not exist, or according to the same book of Arai Abbasi and the arrival of Khwanin Kurds, Grossi and Bijar and Qarwah are also Vaznimeh of the second Safavid period and the age of Shah Abbas, that he brought "the soul of Sultan Grossi", who was the ruler of "Lak Fortress of Baghdad" and its vassals, to Iran, or Zanganeh tribe. Some of the Kurds of Iraq or Turkey moved and brought to the south of Kermanshah, and some of the Zanganeh leaders became ministers of the next Safavid kings, or, as quoted on p. 1087, and to suppress the Afshar clans of Zanjan, and to control Zanjan.He gave "Gedai Sultan Kolani Kurd" or gave it to "Doltyar Khan Siah Mansoor Kurd" who did a lot of cruelty to the people of Afshar, Zanjan, Jajas, Sehrward, and Sayin Qala, or to end the influence of the Turks of Aq Quvinlu, Qaraqvinlu, Afshari Turks, and Seljuq Turks in Azar Baijan and "Maqsud Satan" He brought "Denbali Kurds of Turkey" to the Khoi region of Azar, and during the reign of Nader Shah, because there were many Denbalis and Takht Vets, and they used to visit the internal tribes of Azar, and the book of Alam Arai Naderi has at least 20 pages and about "Denbali Kurds of Turkey" or by Nader Shah Afshar Vahman. The Turkish Kurds were sent to the middle of the Ottoman territory, and there are some documents in the book of Alam Ara Nadiri, or Shah Abbas, in order to put pressure on the Turks of Azerbaijan and the Kurdish tribe, he brought Shaghaqi to the middle lands, and for a long time they had property and land disputes with the Turkic villages of other regions, or "Qalandar Sultan". He dragged the headstrong Kurds to other parts of Azarbaijan and in addition some other Kurds came to Azarbaijan with the support of Ottoman Yeni Cheri generals, which is documented in the book Alam Arai Abbasi, and like Chagal Oghli, Osmani supported the Kurds of Turkey and brought them into Iran. Or, with their support, the Ottomans came to the land of Azer Baijan, and due to the long-term presence of the Ottoman army and the people of Azer Baijan, and the Kurds also found a permanent residence in the land of Safavid Iran, like the "Mohammedan Kurds" that appear on pages 678 and 687, etc. "Bradust Kurd tribe" of Azerbaijan who came to Iran during the Safavid period and some pages of Alam Ara Abbasi mentions them and Faraza p. 695 of the book Alam Ara Abbasi and in the first year of the reign of Shah Abbas mentions how Chagal Oghli, the Ottoman prime minister or his general They came with their Ottoman soldiers and soldiers to conquer Tabrir during the Safavid era, and in the said Ottoman army, there were also a large number of Kurdish soldiers and "Kurds of Bradost", "Mahmoudi Kurds" and "Hakkari Kurds of Turkey" as well as "Kurds of Berkshat" in Azar Bayjan as well. and after that history, some of them remained permanently in the soil of Iran or became part of the current ethnic groups of Iran, but today this ethnic diversity has created many ethnic groups and various ethnic cultures or a collection of several large ethnic groups in Iran, and each of them has their own regional interests and Political currents demand the entry of various Circassian tribes into Iran, where their first ruler was appointed, or the entry of Georgian or Armenian tribes, Indian Zik tribes, Circassians and Kurdish branches, or the Alvar Bakhtiari tribe and the Qajar tribe into Strabad during the Safavid era, and the fourth important ethnic grouping in Iran created a great ethnic transformation and after the era of Shah Abbas, a special cultural system was formed in Iran, which fosters cultural diversity, and the history of this fourth group's residence in Iran is 400 years old, and a transformation such as the three groupings of the Arab tribes of South Khorasan or It created the desert areas of Iran, and although the first group has lived in Iran for 1400 years, and the Turks have lived in Iran for 1400 years, and the second group includes the Seljuk, Khwarazmshahi and Bayat tribes, who have lived in Iran for 1000 years, and the third ethnic group, such as The Mongols, the Jagghatai, the Wetimuri, the Qaraqoyunlu, and the Qunlu are the third grouping of the ethnic groups living in Iran, and the deep influences onThey have the cultural system of the cities and villages of Iran, and although this people lived in Iran for about 350 years, some of them left Iran, and some of their individual families or clans exist in Iran, such as the Baharlu people of Hamedan or the Jagirlu people of Azerbaijan, but they have changed. There are many ethnic groups in the Safavid era, and they created different and conflicting ethnic groupings in Iran, and this ethnic grouping is the fourth and 400 years old in Iran, and in addition, during that historical period, many ethnic groups were forced to leave Iran, and vice versa, such as the Taklu and Rumlu people of Zul Qadr. And a lot of Kurdish or Bakhtiari peoples came to the territory of Iran, and the Turkic peoples of Azerbaijan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Vezjan, Qazvin, and Hamdan lost their ethnic unity or an artificial ethnic group was formed in them. He formed Azar Bayjan from 32 different Turkic tribes, who were previously called "Il Atuz Iki" which means "Thirty-two small clans" and Shah Abbas brought these thirty-two small groups to Azar Baijan from Karabagh Turks or from He collected the mentioned area and raised a large ethnic group and then moved them to the city and villages of Maragheh, Azar Baijan, or moved some of them to the villages north of Soltanieh and north of Abhar. Nader Shah helped, but according to Gulshan Murad's book, when Karim Khan lived and wanted to take the city of Urmia, the Afshar settlement of Turks, and the Moghadam tribe of his neighbor and themselves withdrew from the battle. They were staged or in the attack of the Russians on the territory of Azar Baijan and they remained without difference. Another artificial and non-blooded tribe is the "Turkish tribe of Qara Papaq Naghdeh" which was formed in the era of Shah Abbas and replaced the former Mongol tribe of Soldoz Naghdeh and is a Turkish ethnic group but different from the Turks. They are Karabagh and today they have their own special problems against the Kurds of Ashnoye and others, and they do not benefit from the support of other Azar Bayjan tribes, and Shah Abbas gave the government of some of the "Turkic peoples of Arsabaran Vaher" to the Karaja Daglu family, after the assassination of Nader Shah and when Karim Khan Zand had marched to Urmia, and according to the book of Gulshan Murad and Kazem Khan Qarajeh, Daghi Ahar and himself withdrew and let Karim Khan Zand conquer Urmia or kill the Afshar tribe of Arshlavi of that city, and in addition, the "Turk Bayat Mako Group" of Azar Baijan is also the same. With such a policy, Shah Abbasi was formed and it must be said that the Bayat clan of Iran was a group that during the period of Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah and his companions came to Iran from Turkestan and fought with him. He brought some of them to Mako and took another part to Neishabur, and the Bayats joined his army during the period of Nader Shah and were loyal to him and fought with him. By Nader Shah, the government of Neishabur and Shirazuzenjanrud was entrusted to the "Bayat clan", but after the murder of Nader Shah and the government of Shiraz, The Bayat tribe was removed, or the government of Neishabur was entrusted to the Afghan Gholjais, and in addition, the same Gholjais settled in Sabzevar, Tarbat Jam, and Taybad, and they are also from the Afghan Hazara tribe.After the murder of Nader Shah, a number of them settled in the northern villages of Mashhad, and some of the inhabitants of Khorasan, Razavi, and the Timurid tribe, are Afghan Jamshidis in the Zandiye and Qajar period, and in addition, the Arabs of Kaab Khuzestan and Handijan, or the Arabs of Bushehr, Wakhsh, Vakish, Velar, Bastak, Khanj, and Bandar Lange are also in the period. Zandiye came to Iran after the assassination of Nader Shah, when there was no strong government in Iran, and these types of people are Afghans or Arabs of the Persian Gulf and the new Arabs of the recent 250-year-old immigrants, and they have formed the fifth ethnic grouping in Iran. They have come to Fars, and there is information about them in the book Farsnameh of Naseri or other books of the Qajar era, or in travel letters and documents, or about the culture, folklore, and different ethnic ways of these five great Iranian ethnic groups, and among these numerous ethnic groups, there is a special Afshar and Sham tribe. But today, there are unknown tribes in contemporary Iran, and their place in the development of Azerbaijan region is not clear, and the people who used to be called the Seljuk people were called Afsharia during the Safavid era, during their 200-year rule, and the Seljuk rule and their Shah Khwarazm, they established a suitable type of government. It was for the Iranians and it was accepted by the Iranians to a certain extent, and the people of Iran went to achieve relative prosperity in the government, but later the Mongols came, and of course, the Seljuk civilization was not the product of the Seljuk Ghaz Turks themselves, but rather the product of the wise thoughts of Iranian thinkers, such as Nizam al-Mulk Tusi or his teachers. Was it the intellectual product of his other ministers and his Iranian court clerks, and Nizam al-Mulk formed it during his 30 years of ministry in the early Seljuk era, and then the result of the administrative wisdom of dozens of literate sons of Nizam al-Mulk, and those children who were appointed to important jobs by other wise later Seljuk kings They were assigned to the ministry and the product of that intellectual flow was a type of wise two hundred year old Seljuk government in Iran, which many European and Iranian writers acknowledge the reasonableness of the Seljuk government and its relation to other governments in Iran!And later, their wise thoughts and about the administrative affairs of the people of Iran, and later by Khwaja Nasir or Khwaja Jovini or Khwaja Rashiduddin Fazlullah, they were taught to the Mongols, Timurids, Qarqoyunlu, and yes, the Seljuk Turks in the plains of Turkestan and advanced civilization or a complex administrative system. They didn't know, but they had a simple herdsmanship and a simple Illyrian lifestyle, but the Seljuk Ghaz Turks, unlike the Arabs of the first four centuries, were thoughtful people, and they had special psychological characteristics that they learned the wise words of administration from Iranian thinkers and easily and without resistance. After hearing or thinking about it, they would accept it and apply it to the way of reasonable ruling of the cities, or use it in the construction of commercial caravans, or in the construction of military scientific schools, and none of them with a winning sword in their hand. According to the suggestions of the city dwellers, like the Arab culture, it did not rely on the sword or bow and arrow to create the prosperous civilization of the Seljuk era, and the result of this kind of moral characteristics and the way of ethnic education of the Seljuk people, and also this way of their wise government and the ethics of Ghazan Khan. The Vetymurians also made their way, but the anthropological characteristics of the Arab peoples in the first four centuries were against this method, and they did not hear or accept any constructive administrative proposals from anyone, except for carrying out the demands of the Arab chiefs in all the cities, but after they saw that the Turks were successful in their raids. By accepting the wise administrative order and little by little accepted by other Iranian peoples, they decided to think of a solution and after the death of Malik Shah Seljuqi and by launching the Ismaili movement of the Arabs and trying to assassinate Nizam al-Mulk, Sadr al-Azam and his children, they assassinated some of their administrative clerks. On the other hand, they and Nasser Caliph, the Abbasid Arab, or other influential Arabs of Iranian cities, wrote a letter to Genghis Khan and asked them to come to Iran and eradicate the remaining Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi governments in Iran! They also came to Iran in 617 and destroyed many cities and killed a number of Seljuks or Khwarizmshah soldiers, and the rest of the villagers or professional citizens also fled and resumed simple herding in the mountains of Zagros, west and south of Iran, and the rest of the Ghaz villagers also surrendered. They stayed in the countryside of Iran and agreed to only do agriculture and have nothing to do with politics or militarism and only pay agricultural taxes to the Mongols, but later, due to the tax pressure of the Mongols and those permanent villages, they also abandoned their agricultural villages and, like the rest, moved herds in the mountains. Iyan and Ahed Ilkhani and Ahed Atabakan of Iran, and why it is clear from the content of the multi-volume book Jame al-Tawarikh or other books that until Ghazan Khan and the text of "Yasa's new land tenure letter" and reading the Mongols and taking care of the rural farmers, they did not take orders Sivarghal, one of the early kings of Ilkhani, harassed the villagers and did not respect the reasonable agricultural laws of land ownership!And sometimes, when visiting a village, they would collect agricultural tax from the inhabitants of the same village several times, which disturbed the teachings of Nizam al-Mulk's land tenure, while he had introduced this reasonable land tenure during the 200 years of the Seljuk rule, and it was short-lived even for the villagers of Iran. have or are willing to produce in the remaining villages!But the early Mongolian houses did not observe this method and sometimes they collected agricultural tax from the inhabitants of a village several times, or they collected it in one year, or they collected multiple commercial taxes from caravans and city professionals, or they sent various emissaries to the villages, and various kinds of "coins, servsat, and kharj" They took the "Yamkhanahs" and therefore they disrupted the bureaucratic order created by Nizam al-Mulk and the administration of land in the countryside of Iran, and unfortunately, many of the villagers of the Ilkhanid era abandoned their agriculture, production, and urban professionalism and turned to the mountains for herding, and again Khwaja Rashid al-Din Fazalullah and Ghazan. Khan emphasized to stop this kind of behavior of the Mughal rulers and created new reforms in the Administrative Court of Zamindari and Production and Welfare of Iranians. They left the simple agriculture in the village and went to the high mountains for herding. Later, the Ilkhanate government collapsed and the Timurid government came to Iran, and the same reforms of Ghazan Khani were accepted by Vatimur Lang or his son Shahrukh, and he used land management as suggested by his wise ministers and in the land management system. It was used or implemented by the Timurid Yarligh mechanism and the villages were settled again and prosperity returned to the Iranian cities or the professions and writers were formed in Iran, but the wise government of the Timurids did not last and once again faced the ethnic differences of the Karakowinlu that Timur He wanted to bring them back to Turkestan, they and the rest of the Jaghtai tribes under Timur did not leave Iran, but later and in a shorter period of time, they faced the ethnic opposition of the Agh Qoyunlu and finally both governments were extinct, so during these 380 years, the governor of 400 years, many tribes The Seljuk Ghaz left the city life, or left their professions in the cities, or abandoned agriculture settled in the villages of the Seljuk era, and in the mountains of Kerman, Fars, Kahgiluyeh, Vizd, and Mahshan, Azar Bayjan, they continued their former herding life as the Afshar people. And they had the learned culture and civilization of the Seljuk period in their mentality and memory, and because Ild Gaz Atabek of Azar Bayjan and Atabek of Shamla of Khuzestan had close relations with each other, most of the clans of Ghaz Ramedar during the Seljuk period were forged and obeyed the chiefs and read the descendants of Shamla Ushar Seljuk as "part of their political culture" They did or in order to keep their tribe unified and all over Iran, they used the name of the Afshar single tribe instead of the Seljuq tribe, or they used it all over Iran, so from the period of Aq Qoyunlu, they called themselves with the name of the Afshar single tribe or with the branches. They are called different tribes and keep their ethnic unity all over Iran and show it in different provinces, and this is the reason why Mansour Bey Afshar, who died in 904 and 908 in Soltanieh, or his presence in the late age of Agh Quyunlu, is mentioned as one of the descendants of It is "Shamla Ushar" whose name is mentioned in the books of "Khald Berin" or "Kitab Diyar Bakriyeh" of that era, and also the name of all the poets of the Turkic tribe of Ghaz, or in 50 volumes of books of the Safavid era, or in dozens of provinces of Iran, with the name of Khan Afshar. The province is mentioned and the names of the families of Afshar and the 25-year wars are writtenThe Nadiri era is also the same, or it is mentioned in the books of Arai Nadiri, or Jahangasha Nadiri, or in the valley of Nadiri, etc., and the title "Afshar's Houses" is also mentioned in most of the books of the Zendiyeh era, such as Golshan Murad's book, or Giti Gosha's book, Majamal al-Tawarikh, or Restal al-Tawarikh, etc. In the Qajar era, the names of Afshar readers appeared in most of the written books of the Qajar era, such as Naskh al-Tawarikh or Marat al-Baldan or Afzal al-Tawarikh or Mangbat al-Tawarikh etc. and this is a topic that cannot be seen in other Iranian readings, but still in terms of anthropology, no one knows the origin or What is the reason for naming this great clan? Or why the same word Afsharou is mentioned in all historical books? Or what was their way of life in the past 1000 years? And that some of their clans after Abash Khatun era of Ilkhani, which ended the political life of Atabakan It is Fars, or the beginning of the Mongol Khan's work is here and in Shiraz, and its social life continued, or it did not end with the beginning of the Arab rule of Al-Muzaffar in Yazd, or it did not end with the end of the work of the Seljuk Qawrudians in Kerman and at the hands of the Mongol Khans of Nikodri, Germani, and Ughani, and this barrow with the name of The term "Oshar tribe" persisted, and the people who went to the plains of Kerman or Jiroft, and on the contrary, they came to the mountains of Kerman for summer, and the Ghaz Seljuk tribes of Fars did not die with the end of the work of the Atabakans of Fars, and the name "Oshar tribe" went to the plains of Bowanat and Dasht. They used to go to Firoz Abad and Dasht Sabz Kazron, and the people of Yazd also went to the heights of Shirkuh Yazd for summer, or they went to Abarqavi Plain behind Yazd and for their Qeshlaq, and it is the same in Khuzestan, or after the end of the work of Ilkhans in Soltanieh or the termination of the work of the Selgharians of Lorestan and Khuzestan and the people of Ghaz Seljuq with the name "Ushar Tribe" and in the summers they went to the cool mountains of Giloyeh and in the winters they came to the Sabz Dasht of Shushtar and the Green Dasht of Hormuz and Doroq, whose documents are in the book of Alam Arai Abbasi and in Azerbaijan and Vezjan and the people of Ghaz Seljuq and the summers. And they went to the heights of Takht Suleiman Mahnshan, and in the winters they came to the warm plains of Ijroud and Kedar villages or to Takab and Shahin Dej villages and along the Simine River, Wazirine River or Nazlo Chai Urmia, and although people from different tribes of Afshar were not all of the "Shamle Afshar race", but rather their descendants. And there were other people, but the heads of all Ghazwaz clans and clans were chosen by the descendants of Shamla Afshar, or during 380 years, all of the descendants of Shamle Afshar were elected, and from the point of view of the political culture of Qayila Afshar, the people of the family of Shamle and the group were considered to be the example of the presidency (family within a group or Urugh They had Afshar inside their family and the members of their subordinate clans outside the family were called Ulus Afshar, and only the head of the clan was chosen from among the descendants of Shamle Afshar, and in addition, the selection of clan chiefs was based on their merit, fighting power and bravery in It was a hard time for the clan, and the rest of them and "Olus" Wail were the same Khan Afsharvaz, the other families of their ancestors. Koch Ili or their support and the pastures under the control of their presidency showed or the territory of Koch on the special side of his clan.or the sheep grazing territory of one tribe of Afshar indicated that another group should not go to the grazing territory of another tribe of Afshar, so the division of their tribal work was the same, or the heads of all clans and tribes and good management and such kind of use of tribal pasture They used to do this and solve grazing disputes, and if other tribes entered their pasture ownership area, they would defend their own pasture area collectively or collectively, so from the year 617, which is the year of the Mongols' attack on the Seljuk people, until the year 907 AH. which is the year of the collapse of the government of Agh Qoyunlumi, and the Seljuk people had such an ethnic lifestyle for about 300 years, but the historical documents show that they called themselves "the single tribe of Oshar Ghaz" or scattered in several different provinces of Iran with the name The single tribe of Osharghaz and herds were herding, and at the time of Timur Lang's death, neither himself nor his powerful khans, and all of them, were from the Turk tribe in the Tirmaz region and Shahr Kash of Turkestan, but his subordinate clans were from the Joghtai clan, and because of his marriage and son-in-law's connection with the important Mughal Joghtai family, he Gor Kani or Damad Joghta were called, and there were various clans of Joghta and his soldiers, and then the Toli and Joji people became part of his army, and he used Iranian thinkers and artisans in the construction of the great bureaucracy of his era, and that is why the largest empire of the Turks in Asia was created by Wetimur Lang, and that is why The Europeans felt the danger and inevitably tried to divide his great empire and turn into three groups of Turks opposing each other in Asia, which included the division of his empire into "Ottoman Turks" and in Istanbul, the second group was the formation of the "Iranian Turks" government. It was headed by the Safavid dynasty in Isfahan, and the "third group" also refers to the formation of the remnants of the old Turkestan tribes in the area of ​​Jihun and Sihun, and it was headed by the Uzbek dynasty in Samarkand, which after 907 AH and their old Turkestan region was changed to "the word Uzbekistan". The cause of the collapse of these three Turks was the Turks of Asia or the heterogeneous empire of Agh Quyunlu, the birthplace of the ancestors of all the families of Agh Quyunlu was in the land of old Turkestan, but their place of residence or the place of their government was in the territory of Turkey, and it created a type of unstable government for 34 years. They were and Turks continued from Istanbul, Turkey to Samarkand, but they did not have a strong cultural and religious system to unify the various Turkic tribes of Asia, so the political or administrative unity of the many Asian Turkic tribes quickly collapsed or collapsed during their 34-year rule, while political rationality Timur forced the Turks to be weak and on the contrary, they gathered them around a big empire of Asian Turks, but with the political skill of the Europeans and this big empire, they had to be transformed into three groups of Turks opposing each other, so they fought each other for years and even the East India and Asia Company. to take shape and the "propagandists of European ideologies" arranged for the dervish family of Sheikh Safiuddin Ardabili and the management of 8 large and belligerent groups of the Turkish people to take over the reins of power in Iran, and the assumption of these 8 belligerent Turkish groups was which was made up of 1- the Turkmen people of Tabriz or Azer Baijan, which were the remnants of the allied tribes, the Turks of Qaraq, Yunlu and Azar Baijan, and all of them were with the Turkic tribes of Aq.Qoyunlu were enemies who had overthrown their government in Azerbaijan 34 years ago, and this time 7 to 8 previous groups had gathered around a new warlike nation called "Azerbaijan Turkmen" and they fought to overthrow the government of Agh Qoyunlumi or became war allies of the Safavid dynasty and some houses. And like Amir Khan, they had Turkmens, etc., who was the ruler of Tabriz, etc., and they remained allies of the Safavid dynasty for about 100 years, and later they got involved with the Safavid dynasty, and Shah Abbas Safavid also left them aside at the beginning of his reign. Seljuqs were in different provinces of Iran, and during the Seljuqs government, with hundreds of wars, he had formed a big empire for himself, and with the arrival of the fierce Mongol people in Iran, they abandoned the political scene or abandoned them for 380 years, and during that time, they lived in the mountains and tropical plains of Iran. They used the name of "the name of Ushar tribe" and because of the acquaintance of one of the Afshar tribe and Sheikh Heydar, the father of Shah Ismail in prison, both of them were in the prison of Astakhar Fars Castle and the prisoners of Sultan Murad Aq Qoyunlu, and they got to know each other and planned a war necessary to overthrow the government of Aq. They fought in Iran, and then the heads of dozens of great Afshar tribes participated in various wars with the Ottomans and Uzbeks in the Safavid era, or the administration of the forts and roads in Iran was also in the hands of the Afshar tribe for about a hundred years in the Safavid government, similar to the Turkmen people of Azerbaijan and the Sain Qala war. Zanjan and Safavid were cut off and they were overthrown by the Safavids and the government of the cities was handed over to Armenian, Sikh, Georgian, Circassian, Kurdish, Nasuri, or Zanganeh Khanians, etc. They lived in the Mediterranean in the Agh Quyunlu state, and they were a great people, and for this reason they were called the Teke Alu or Teklo people, and the ancient origin of their life was in the old Turkestan of Asia. Or they used to camp in the meadows there, and then they became Safavid with the propaganda of the Safavid dynasty and the united kingdom and came to the interior of Iran, because they didn't like the government of Aq Quvinlu, and on the other hand, they didn't want to build an Ottoman establishment with the new government, so their group was called " Shah Qoli Baba Teklo "and to get a new Ili Marte and for himself and united the Safavid family and a large group of Turkish people brought Teklo from the territory of Turkey and to the territory of Iran and he remained a Safavid united for about a hundred years, and the book of Al-Tawarikh or Alam Arai Abbasi or Takmulah Al-Akhbar Vasami mentions dozens of Teklo Khans who participated in various wars or were with the Safavids, but they, like the Turkmen Turkmen of Tabriz, were caught in the battle of Sain Qala with the Safavid army of Shah Abbas, and Shah Abbas brought 7000 Kurds to Turkey to fight them. Finally, they were forced to leave Iran and returned to their former place in Turkey, and the Ottoman government forgave them and gave them a new refuge, and the Teklo Turkish people and a small group in the "Toisarkan villages" left the rest of Iran. 4- Rumlu Turkish tribe:And this people was the same as Taklu tribe and their original origin was in Turkestan in the middle of Asia, and during the time of Halakukhan, they came from Turkestan to the "Sivas and Tuqat and Masiya" region of Turkey, and they had summer pastures and pastures there. In Iran, some of them came from the Ottoman Roman territory to Iran and took part in the administration of some Iranian cities, and Hasan Bey Rumlu or the author of the book Ahsan al-Tawarikh is also from the Rumlu tribe, and they, like the Taklu tribe, were involved with the Safavids. And they left Iran again and went to the Ottoman territory. 5- The fifth group of Turks is also the "Shamlou" who lived in Aleppo for a while and came to Iran with the Safavid campaigns and participated in the administration of different cities of Iran. that they were trying not to get involved with the Safavids like the others, and in this way they had obtained dozens of government positions, but finally the Safavids left them aside, and today only a few villages and a few villages are left in the Malay District called "Shamlud District" In Bezine River village of Zanjan or Garmab, it has survived under the name "Bigdali Shamlu", but in the books of the Afshariya, Zandiya, and Qajar era, there is less mention of a Khan Shamlu. Or they lived in "Marash and the provinces of Turkey" and later "Dede Abdal Bey Zul Qadr" came from Turkey with his family and joined Shah Ismail, and the names of the Zul Qadr Khans are also mentioned in the books of the Safavid era, and Safaviyyah had appointed several Zul Qadr Khans in Shiraz, Vajeram and Fassa, or pastures. He had given it to the Zul Qadr tribe, and the last of them was "Yaqub Khan Zul Qadr" or the ruler of Shiraz, and finally, Shah Abbas, and he used Yaqub Khan Zul Qadr or their ethnic group to overthrow the Afshar Khans of Yazd, Bargu, and Karman at first, and then he killed them and established the East India Trade House. In Shiraz, after him, he gave the affairs of the cities of Shiraz, Velar, Bandar Abbas, and Hormuz to the hands of Imam Qoli Khan, an Armenian. The seventh ethnic group is the half-Mongolian Qajar, whose great-grandfather was also a Naseri administrator and "Qachar Nuyan" and came to Asia Minor with the army. The Mongols also had a new military position, and Haluk Khan placed them in the western plains of Armenia and east of the city of Ganja, and their historical sources, pastures, and ethnic life were in the same area, and they did not participate in the first conflicts of the Safavid government, but Shah Abbas, who in his rule and for the construction of a mosque He had gone to the city of Ganja and got to know them, and he brought a small group of them to Agh Qala, east of Estrabad, who had 6 small Qajar families and two Ashagheh or Yokhari settlements, and their settlement was in the west of Estrabad, like the Kurds of North Khorasan, which was in front of Takht and Taz. Take the Uzbeks to Northern Khorasan or Gorgan and include a small number of the Qajar tribe in Ganja Raham and the city of Merv, which was a Turkmen city, they were Sunnis, and they are known as Marvi to the Qajar, and some of them traveled like "Mihrab Khan Qajar" and the ruler of Mashhad and Tabas settled in Arab 8- Il The eighth one is Vail Stajlu, and they lived in Turkey like other tribes, although they were not as big and populous as the rest of the tribes, but most of them belonged to the Safavid family or among the rest.and they also had a few clans of Stajlo, which the Safavid family had more confidence in, so during the war of Chaldran, Shah Ismail and the command of other Turkic tribes, they had given only Mohammad Khan the leadership of the Turks. and some of them had fattening positions in the Safavid court, but there are no tribes of their clans in the countryside of Iran, and only a few families belong to them, and finally, it must be said that the second period of the Safavid rule, which begins from the time of Shah Abbas I until the era of the next four Safavid kings, and profound ethnic transformations and changes occur in the cities of Iran, because at the beginning, the 8 great Turkic tribes and their territories were either the police force or the elements of fortresses, or they ruled the Iranian cities or the countryside of Iran. In the middle of the Safavid government, most of them got involved with the Safavid family, so they distanced themselves from the Safavid government, or left Iran and went to Turkey, or returned to Syria, and thus a huge vacuum of political and military power was formed in the cities of Iran, while the armies of the two Ottoman and Uzbek governments Both sides were putting pressure on Iran's borders, so Shah Abbas was forced to bring 8 great Turkish warriors and a large number of Kurdish tribes to Abran or bring them from the cities of Turkey and Iraq to Iran to fill their place. They had Ottoman fanatics, so the Kurds of Turkey and Iraq settled in the provinces of North Khorasan, Kurdistan, Gros, Kermanshah, Gilan, and Mazandan, and in addition, they brought a large number of Ler Bakhtiari tribes from Jabal al-Samaq to Syria and settled in the "Kurdish city" near their capital, Eshan, or a number of Armenian tribes. He brought from Armenia and settled in Jolfa Ars and Jolfa in Isfahan, and he settled some Armenians in the city of Tabriz, Varmiya and Shiraz, and he also brought some Armenian Georgians and settled in Faridan, near Isfahan, or the Kurdish tribe settled in Zanganeh and Ker Manshah, or some Among the Kurds, he settled Lak in Lorestan and fought with the authority of the Abbasid rulers of Khorramabad and gave the government of some cities like Kerman or Kandhar to Indian Sikhs, like Ganj Ali Khan, a Sikh who was in Kerman, or his son who was in Kandhar, or some Circassian houses. He imposed Volzgi and Georgian rule on the Iranian cities, the khans or army chieftainships were also handed over to Armenian khans, such as Allahvardi Khan, Qarchagai Khan, or Farhad Khan, Garhehad, and in the cities of Azer Baijan, leaving aside the strong Turkmen people of Tabriz, and the 32 scattered people of Karabagh and an artificial Turkic people named Moghadam. He placed the Maragheh made by Waqa Khan Moghadam at the head of it, or made of 2,000 Turkish people from Harj and Marj Talab in Turkey and an artificial Turkish group named "Silspor Tribe" in Azerbaijan, or he named the Stajlu tribe in Najjawan and the name of the Jawanshir Kangerlu tribe, or the fate of the tribes He should leave Ahar Warsabaran in the hands of the Qaraja Daglu family, who do not have any sensitivity to the fate of Azerbaijan, even after settling in Iran and offering defense of Iranian cities, and therefore in 100 years after the era of Shah Abbas, all Iranian cities were attacked The foreigners fell all over the place and only the people of Afshar ate its wood.Heydar Safavi and one of the "chiefs of the Ushar tribe" who were in the prison of Sultan Murad Aq Qoyunlu in Ishtakhro Castle, and the members of the great Afshar clan were united with the Safavids, and it is quoted on page 131 of the book Summary of Al-Tawarikh Wiki of the chiefs of the Afshar tribe and the name "Sultan Ali Mirza Afshar" and the people under his command. He participated in the Chaldaran war, and then other people from the Afshar family, such as "Shahrukh Sultan Afshar", were in the Herat war or in the war with the Uzbeks, etc., which is mentioned in chapter 40 of the same book and other historical sources, or from "Rostam Khan Afshar" in the war with the Uzbeks, and in the year It was mentioned in 962 AH durin